Peasant Revolt of Rangia 1893-94 (Assam History) – APSC Exam Notes

Peasant Revolt of Rangia 1893-94 (Assam & North-East India History) – APSC, UPSC and State Exams Notes

Assam History - Assam Exam

Go To Assam History Notes & Study Materials Page                                                                              Go To History Notes

 

Peasant Revolt of Rangia 1893-94 – Modern History of Assam

  • The people of Rangia, in the district of Kamrup following the footsteps of the Phulguri peasants very soon lodged their protests, organizing Raij Mels. The cause of their protest was a hundred percent increase in the land revenue.
  • In 1892, Sir William Ward, the Chief Commissioner of Assam, augmented the rates of revenue on land in the new settlement to 70 to 80% and sometime even 100%. Despite the decreasing production rate of crops, there was no respite from the proposed rate of assessment on land. Even going ahead, Colonial apparatus forcibly realized taxes from the impoverished peasantry.
  • Seeing such deplorable and awkward position of the people, the Keyas intensified their exploitation scale. The People also fell in their trap. The people, when finally understood the motives of the Keyas, started to ventilate their grievances not only against the government but also against them which found expression with the looting of the Rangia bazaar by a crowd of 200 to 250 people, mostly of Kacharis, on 24 December, 1893.
  • In the evening of 24 December, when the Peasants returning from Belagaon mel near Rangia, they gutted down the huts at the Rangia bazaar and threatened a Keya shopkeeper that his shop would be looted on 30 December as their presence had increased the revenue burden on land.
  • On 30 December, 1893, there was a massive gathering at Rangia where about 2500 to 3000 people participated. This massive gathering held demonstration all the night and threatened destruction of the Thana, post-office and the tahsildar ‘s bungalow.

  • Threatening of destruction of thana, post-office and the tahsildar ‘s bungalow was taken seriously by the government and armed-police was summoned to stop it but failed completely.
  • On 6th January, 1893, R.B. McCabe, the Deputy Commissioner of Kamrup arrived at Rangia with a Police Party under Padmaram Kachari, the daroga and arrested some persons alleged to have been implicated in the incident of 24 December, 1893. The arrests, however, did not prevent the people from further attacks. On 10 to 17 Jan, 1894, a large crowd of about three thousand gathered at near Rangia Thana. Castes and tribes coming from far-flung villages like Koch, Kalita, Saloi, Kaivarta, Namasudra, Nath, Napit, Sonari, Baishya, Bania, Bodo-Kacharis and Muslims assembled at Kadamtal Pandarthan and took decision and began to march towards Rangia. The tribal farmers along-with their counterparts in other communities took part in it. They, with cries of ‘we won’t pay at the increased rate’ started coming closer to Rangia Thana.
  • They were asked by the Deputy Commissioner to disperse but they refused his order and even dared to release forcibly of their comrades – Praneswar Goswami (Kon), Abhay Choudhury, Kirti Lahkar, Joltiram Kalita, Muktaram Bayan Kalita, Rahmat Khalipha, Parashuram Baro who were detained and locked-up at the time of submitting memorandum to Deputy Commissioner for decrease of the rate of revenue
  • Disobedience of order compelled Me Cabe to open fire on the gatherings which forced them to retreat. In response to the violent outbursts, the Colonial government effected a reign of terror.
  • Finally, notices were issued for the maintenance of peace and hannony and the leaders of the affected areas were appointed as special constables. All licensed guns in Rangia, Barama, Nalbari and Bajali tahsils were seized.
  • McCabe imposed a ban on holding any Mel All the important leaders of the revolt were soon arrested by the police and the revolt lost its edge.

ADRE 2023 Test Series Assamexam

Differences between Nagara vs Dravidian Style Temple Architecture (Art & Culture of India) – APSC Exam Notes

Differences between Nagara vs Dravidian Style Temple Architecture – Art & Culture Notes for APSC, UPSC & State Exams

 

Major differences between Nagara vs Dravidian Style Temple Architecture

Nagara Style of Temple Architecture

Dravidian Style of Temple Architecture

Temples located in Northern India are classified as Nagara Style.

Temples located in Southern India are classified as Dravidian Style 

Nagara Style has multiple Shikharas

The dravidian style has 1 single Shikhara.

In Nagara Style, there are multiple towers

In Dravidian Style, it is always a single tower.

In Nagara Style, Central Tower is Curvilinear in shape

In Dravidian Style, Central Tower is shaped like a Pyramid

In Nagara style, the most prominent element is the Shikhara

In Dravidian Style, the most prominent element is the Gopuram.

In Nagara Style, at the entrance of Sanctum Sanctorum; Ganga and Yamuna rivers are depicted in personified form

In Dravidian Style, the entrance has Dwarapalas.

In Nagara style, there is not much importance given to the temple boundaries

In this style, temple boundaries are given high importance

In Nagara style, pedestals are higher than the ground.

Pedestals are at ground level in the Dravidian Style.

In Nagara Style, deities are inside

In Dravidian Style, deities are outside.

                                                                                      

Mathura, Sarnath and Gandhara Schools (Ancient History of India) – APSC Exam Notes

Mathura, Sarnath and Gandhara Schools – APSC, UPSC and state Exam Notes

Go To History Notes

The first century CE onwards, Gandhara, Mathura in northern India and Vengi in Andhra Pradesh emerged as important centres of art production. Buddha in the symbolic form got a human form in Mathura and Gandhara. The sculptural tradition in Gandhara had the confluence of Bactria, Parthia and the local Gandhara tradition. 

The local sculptural tradition at Mathura became so strong that the tradition spread to other parts of northern India. The best example in this regard is the stupa sculptures found at Sanghol in the Punjab. The Buddha image at Mathura is modelled on the lines of earlier Yaksha images whereas in Gandhara it has Hellenistic features. Images of Vaishnava and Shaiva faiths are also found at Mathura but Buddhist images are found in large numbers. It may be noted that the images of Vishnu and Shiva are represented by their ayudhas/weapons. There is boldness in carving the large images, the volume of the images is projected out of the picture plane, the faces are round and smiling, heaviness in the sculptural volume is reduced to relaxed flesh. The garments of the body are clearly visible and they cover the left shoulder.

APSC Prelims 2020 Test Series

Images of the Buddha, Yakshas, Yakshinis, Shaivite and Vaishnavite deities and portrait statues are profusely sculpted. In the second century CE, images in Mathura get sensual, rotundity increases, they become fleshier. In the third century CE, treatment of sculptural volume changes by reducing the extreme fleshiness, movement in the posture is shown by increasing distance between the two legs as well as by using bents in the body posture. Softness in the surface continues to get refined. The trend continues in the fourth century CE but in the late fourth century CE, the massiveness and fleshiness is reduced further and the flesh becomes more tightened, the volume of the drapery also gets reduced and in the fifth and sixth centuries CE, the drapery is integrated into the sculptural mass. Transparent quality in the robes of the Buddha images is evident. In this period, two important schools of sculptures in northern India are worth noting. The traditional centre, Mathura, remained the main art production site whereas Sarnath and Kosambi also emerged as important centres of art production. 

Many Buddha images in Sarnath have plain transparent drapery covering both shoulders, and the halo around the head has very little ornamentation whereas the Mathura Buddha images continue to depict folds of the drapery in the Buddha images and the halo around the head is profusely decorated.

List of Indus Valley sites in India (Ancient History of India) – APSC Exam Notes

List of Indus Valley Civilization sites in India – APSC, UPSC and state Exam Notes

 

Go to Assam History

 

List of Indus Valley Civilization sites in India

Alamgirpur in Meerut District of Uttar Pradesh, India

Babar Kot, Saurashtra – A stone fortification wall, plant remains of millets & gram.

Balu, Haryana – Earliest evidence of garlic. Several plant remains were found here include various types of barley, wheat, rice, horse gram, green gram, various types of a pea, sesamum, melon, watermelon, grapes, dates, garlic, etc. which is comparable to a nearby IVC site Kunal, Haryana revealed remains of rice.

Banawali, Fatehabad District of Haryana – Barley, terracotta figure of plough

Baror, Sri Ganganagar district of Rajasthan- Human skeleton, ornaments, 5 meter long and 3 meter clay oven, a pitcher filled with 8000 pearls

APSC Prelims 2020 Test Series

Bet Dwarka in Dwarka district, Gujarat- Late Harappan seal, inscribed jar, the mould of coppersmith, a copper fishhook

Bhirrana, Fatehabad District of Haryana – Graffiti of a dancing girl on pottery, which resembles a dancing girl statue found at Mohenjo-Daro

Daimabad, Ahmadnagar District of Maharashtra – A sculpture of a bronze chariot, 45 cm long and 16 cm wide, yoked to two oxen, driven by a man 16 cm high standing in it; and three other bronze sculptures. Southernmost IVC site

Desalpur in Nakhtrana Taluka, Kutch District of Gujarat – Massive stone fortification, Harappan pottery, three script bearing seals; one of steatite, one of copper and one of terracotta.

Dholavira, Kutch District of Gujarat – Water reservoir, Dholavira Figure of chariot tied to a pair of bullocks and driven by a nude human, Water harvesting and number of reservoirs, use of rocks for constructions

Farmana, Rohtak District of Haryana – Largest burial site of IVC, with 65 burials, found in India

Gola Dhoro, kutch district of Gujarat – Production of shell bangles, semi-precious beads, etc.

Hisar mound inside Firoz Shah Palace of Hisar District, Haryana – Unexcavated site

Juni Kuran, Kutch District of Gujarat – fortified citadel, lower town, public gathering area

Jognakhera, Kurukshetra of Haryana – Copper smelting furnaces with copper slag and pot shards

Kaj, Gir Somnath District of Gujarat – Ceramic artifacts, including bowls. Ancient port.

Kanjetar, Gir Somnath District of Gujarat – Single phase Harapppan site.

Kalibangan, Hanumangarh District of Rajasthan- Baked/burnt bangles, fire altars, Shiva Lingam, small circular pits containing large urns and accompanied by pottery, bones of camel

Karanpura near Bhadra city, Hanumangarh district            of Rajasthan – Western mound called citadel           Skeleton of child, terracotta like pottery, bangles, seals similar to other Harappan sites

Khirasara, Kutch district of Gujarat – Ware House, Industrial area, gold, copper, semi-precious stone, shell objects, and weight hoards

Kerala-no-dhoro or Padri in Saurashtra, Gujarat – Salt production centre, by evaporating sea water

Kunal, Fatehabad District      in Haryana      India – Earliest Pre-Harappan site, Copper smelting.

Kuntasi in Rajkot District of Gujarat – Small port

Loteshwar in  Patan District of Gujarat – Ancient archaeological site

Lothal, Ahmedabad District of Gujarat – Bead making factory, dockyard, button seal, fire altars, painted jar, earliest cultivation of rice (1800 BC)

Manda in Jammu & Kashmir            India- northernmost Harappan site in Himalayan foothills

Malwan in Surat District, Gujarat – Southernmost Harappan site in India

Mandi, Muzaffarnagar district of Uttar Pradesh

Mitathal of Bhiwani District in Haryana

Pabumath in Kutch District in Gujarat – A large building complex, unicorn seal, shell bangles, beads, copper bangles, needles, antimony rods, steatite micro beads; pottery include large and medium size jars, beaker, dishes, dish-on-stand, perforated jars etc.; fine red pottery with black painted designs etc.

Rakhigarhi in Hisar District of Haryana – Terrecotta wheels, toys, figurines, pottery. Large site, partially excavated.

Rangpur in Ahmedabad District of Gujarat – Seaport

Sanauli in Baghpat District, Uttar Pradesh – Burial site with 125 burials found

APSC Prelims 2020 Test Series

Shikarpur, Gujarat – Food habit details of Harappans

Surkotada in Kutch District of Gujarat – only site where Bones of a horse were found

Kotada, Kutch District of Gujarat – Fortification bastion few houses foundations

Nageshwar, Kutch District of Gujarat – Shell working site

Foreign travelers who visited India in Medieval Period (Medieval History of India) – APSC Exam Notes

Foreign travelers who visited India in Medieval Period – APSC, UPSC and state Exam Notes

 

Go to History Notes

The Indian Sub-continent is one of the earliest civilisations and thus attracted many travellers and scholars since ancient times.

1.Al-Biruni

  • Country: Iran
  • Period of Travel:  1017 AD
  • He travelled to the Indian subcontinent and authored a study of Indian culture Tārīkh al-Hind (History of India) after exploring the Hindu faith practiced in India.
  • Under Reign : Sultan of Muhammad of Ghazni

2. Marco Polo

  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel:  1288-1292 AD
  • Under Reign : Pandya Kingdom

3. Ibn-e-Batuta

  • Countr: Morocco
  • Period of Travel:  1333-1342 AD
  • Under Reign : Mohammad Bin Tughlaq

4. Nicoloi Conti

  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1420-1422 AD
  • Under Reign : Dev Ray I (Vijay Nagar)

APSC Prelims 2020 Test Series

  1. Abdur Razzak-Ambassador
  • Country: Iran
  • Period of Travel: 1442-1443 AD
  • Under Reign : Dev Ray II (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Athnasius Niketin
  • Country: Russia
  • Period of Travel: 1470-1474 AD
  • Under Reign : Mohammad III Bahmani
  • Alberuni’s Description of India
  1. Bartholomu Diaz
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1503-1508 AD
  • Under Reign : Deccan
  1. Eduardo Barbosa
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1516-1518 AD
  • Under Reign : Krishna Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Domingo’s Paes
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1520-1522 AD
  • Under Reign : Krishna Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Nuniz
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1535-1537 AD
  • Under Reign : Achyut Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Anthony Monserrate
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1578-1582 AD
  • Under Reign : Akbar
  1. Ralph Fisch
  • Country: Britain. He was the First English traveller
  • Period of Travel: 1585-1591 AD
  • Under Reign : Akbar
  1. Ceaser Fredriseh
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 16th Century
  • Under Reign : Vijay Nagar
  1. John Linscoten
  • Country: Dutch
  • Period of Travel: 16th Century
  • Under Reign : Vijay Nagar
  1. Lama Taranath
  • Country: Tibet
  • Period of Travel: 16th Century
  • Under Reign : Eastern India
  1. Captain Hawkins
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1613 AD
  • Under Reign :  Jahangir
  1. William Fisch
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1612 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. John Jurdan
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1617 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Nicholos Doughton (English Navy Officer)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1615 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Nicholos Withurgton (English traveller)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1612-1616 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Thomas Coryat (English traveller)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1612-1617 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Sir Thomas Roe (English Ambassador)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1615-1619 AD
  • Under Reign: Jahangir
  1. Pal Canning (English traveller)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1615-1625
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Edward Terry (English Priest)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1616-1619 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Francisco Paelsert (Dutch)
  • Country: Dutch
  • Period of Travel: 1620-1627 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Pietra Della Velle
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1622-1660 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. John Loyatt (Dutch)
  • Country: Dutch
  • Period of Travel: 1626-1633 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan
  1. John Fryer
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1627-1681 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan

APSC Prelims 2020 Test Series

  1. Peter Mundy
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1630-1634 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan
  1. Tavernier (French Jeweller)
  • Country: France
  • Period of Travel: 1641-1687 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan & Aurangzeb
  1. Manucci
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1656-1687 AD
  • Under Reign : Aurangzeb
  1. Bernier
  • Country: France
  • Period of Travel: 1658-1668 AD
  • Under Reign : Aurangzeb
  1. Jean Thevnot
  • Country: France
  • Period of Travel: 1666-1668 AD
  • Under Reign : Aurangzeb

Foreign Trade in Ancient India – APSC Notes

Foreign Trade in Ancient India – Indian History Notes for APSC, UPSC & other Exams

Go to History Notes & Study Materials Page

 

Foreign Trade in Ancient India

  • Although the volume of trade between India and Rome seems to have been large, it was not carried on it articles of daily use for the commerce people there was a brick commerce in luxury goods.
  • The Romans mainly imported spices for which south India was famous. They imported muslin, pearls, jewels, and precious stones from central and south India. Iron goods, especially cutlery, formed an important item of export to the Roman Empire.
  • Silk was directly sent from China to the Roman Empire through north Afghanistan at Iran. But the establishment of the Parthian rule in Iran and the neighbouring are created difficulties. Therefore silk had to be diverted to the western Indian ports through the north-west part of the subcontinent. Sometimes it also found its way from China to India via the east coast of India. From there was considerable transit trade in silk between India and the Roman empire.
  • The Romans exported to India wine, wine-amphorae and various other types of pottery. Roman writer Pliny, who wrote his account called Natural History in Latin in A.D. 77, believed that Rome was being drained of gold on account of her trade with India. Since the Westerners were very much fond of Indian pepper, it is called yavanpriyai.
  • The concept of the balance of trade may not have been known to the people. But numerous finds of Roman coins and pottery in the peninsula leave no doubt that India was a gainer in its trade with the Roman Empire.
  • The loss of Roman money was felt so much that eventually steps had to be taken Rome to ban its trade with India in pepper and steel goods.
  • Although Roman traders resided in south India, there is little evidence for Indians residing in the Roman Empire.

APSC Prelims 2020 Test Series

Black Pepper was one of the most thing thing imported by Greek traders from Ancient India. In ancient times the people in Central Asia are called as Yavanas in India. They liked the pepper and imports large amount of pepper from India so the pepper is named as Yavana-the people of foreign countries. Priya-they like pepper so it was called as Yavanapriya.

 

Important Books on Economic History of India (History of India) – APSC Notes

Important Books on Economic History of India – Indian History Notes for APSC, UPSC & other Exams

Go to History Notes & Study Materials Page

 

Important Books on Economic History of India

  • The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age: From the Accession of Queen Victoria in 1837 to the Commencement of the Twentieth Century is written by Romesh Chunder Dutt
  • Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in IndiaBook by Romesh Chunder Dutt
  • Poverty and un-British rule in India – by Dadabhai Naoroji
  • From Prosperity to Decline: Eighteenth Century Bengal – by Sushil Chaudhury
  • The Economic History of India 1857-1947 – by Tirthankar Roy
  • The peasantry of Bengal – by Romesh Chunder Dutt
  • Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India – by Lawrence James
  • ‘Prosperous’ British India – by William Digby
  • Revenue and Reform: The Indian Problem in British Politics 1757-1773 – by H. V. Bowen

APSC Prelims 2020 Test Series

  • Arthashastra – Chanakya
  • Perspectives in Social and Economic History of Early India – Ram Sharan Sharma
  • An Economic History of Early Modern India – Tirthankar Roy
  • The Cambridge Economic History of India – Tapan Raychaudhuri, Dharma Kumar, Irfan Habib, Meghnad Desai.
  • Economic History of Medieval India – Irfan Habib
  • A People’S History Of India 28 : Indian Economy, 1858-1914 – Irfan Habib
  • The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556-1707 – Irfan Habib
  • History of Ancient Indian Economy – Abdul Sabahuddin and Rajshree Shukla

 

Go to History Notes & Study Materials Page

Famous Temples in India (Art & Culture of India) – APSC Exam Notes

Famous Temples in India – Art & Culture Notes for APSC, UPSC & State Exams

Go To Assam Art, Culture & Crafts Study Materials Page                                                                  Go To Art & Culture Notes

 

Famous Temples in India

Temples in India

State

Features/facts

Lord Venkateswara Temple

Andhra Pradesh

The temple on Tirumala hills is also known as Tirupathi Balaji. It is the richest Hindu temple in the world.

The temple is in Dravidian Architecture style.

Mahabodhi Temple

Bihar

It is a Buddhist Stupa, discovered in 260 BC situated in Bodhgaya.

The Central Tower Of Mahabodhi is 180 feet tall i.e. 54 metres.

The brickwork depicts the life of Buddha.

Somnath Temple

Gujarat

Also known as Prabhas Patan and Deo Patan.

It is one of the 12 jyotirlinga shrines of Lord Shiva.

There is no land in between seashores from Somnath temple to Antarctica.

1947 – Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel renovated the temple.

Constructed in Chalukya style

Dwarkadhish Temple

Gujarat

Also known as Jagat Mandir. It is one of the four Hindu pilgrimages (Char Dham). 

The original structure was destroyed by Mahmud Brgada in 1472. 

Presently, in the Chalukya architecture style.

Vaishno Devi Temple

Jammu & Kashmir

5200 feet above sea level atop Trikuta Hills.

It is a Cave temple.

Amarnath Temple

Jammu & Kashmir

A cave temple situated at an altitude of 3888 metres.

One of the 51 Shakti Peeth and Bhrigu Muni was the first to have discovered Amarnath.

Virupaksha Temple

Karnataka

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Hampi, Bellari district.

Built by Lakkana Dandesha, a chieftain under the ruler Deva Raya II of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Gomateshwara Temple

Karnataka

The tallest monolithic statue in the world carved out of a single block of granite.

It is a Jain temple that is 57 feet high.

One of the largest free-standing statues in the world depicting the prolonged meditation of Bahubali.

Padmanabhaswamy Temple

Kerala

Build in the fusion of Chera and Dravidian style of architecture.

Khajuraho Temple

Madhya Pradesh

They are a group of temples built by the rulers of Chandela Dynasty.

There were 85 temples scattered over an area of 9 square miles, of which only 25 temples are remaining.

Famous for nagara style architecture and known for extensive erotic sculptures.

Sanchi Stupa

Madhya Pradesh

Commissioned by emperor Ashoka, it is the finest example of Mauryan sculpture.

It is the oldest stone structure in India.

The famous Ashoka Pillar i.e. four lions like that of Sarnath is found in Sanchi as well and are constructed in a Greco-Buddhist style.

Symbolises Buddha, i.e. a symbol of his final release from the cycle of birth and rebirth called the Parinirvana or ‘Final Dying.

Siddhivinayak Temple

Maharashtra

The richest Temple in India was constructed by Laxman Vithu & Dubai Patil in 1801.

Konark Sun Temple

Odisha

Build in the 13th century by King Narasimhadeva I (AD 1238-1264) during the Ganga Empire. 

It is conceived as a gigantic chariot of the Sun God built in Kalinga architecture.

 

APSC Prelims 2020 Test Series

 

Jagannath Temple

Odisha

Called Yamanika Tirtha.

This temple in Puri is famous for its annual chariot festival, Ratha Yatra. 

The first Jagannath temple was commissioned by King Indradyumna.

Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra are a trio of deities worshipped at the temple.

Golden Temple

Punjab

Build in the 15th century the temple is also known as Harmindar Sahib.

Temple was plated in Gold in 1980 from the wealth and material donated by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Ramanathaswamy Temple

Tamil Nadu

One of the twelve Jyotirlinga temples build in the 12th Century.

It has the longest corridor among all Hindu temples in India.

Built in Dravidian Architecture

Creators – Pandyas and Jaffna Kings

There are 64 Tīrthas i.e. holy water bodies in and around the island of Rameswaram.

One of the Char Dhams.

Meenakshi Temple

Tamil Nadu

Built by King Kulasekara Pandya -12-13 Century.

Dravidian Architecture and have over 40 inscriptions.

There are 985 richly carved pillars that depict scenes from the wedding of Meenakshi (Parvati) and Sundareswarar (Shiva).

It is famous for its 3 storied Gopuram at the main entrance. 

Ranganathaswamy Temple

Tamil Nadu

One of the most important of 108 (Divya Desam )Vishnu Temple.

Build in Dravidian Style, constructed in Vijayanagar Period. 

Located on the island formed by twin river- Cauvery & Coleroon

1st temple to be awarded by the UN Body for protecting and conserving cultural heritage.

Its Gopuram is the biggest Gopuram in Asia.

Brihadeeswara Temple

Tamil Nadu

Also known as Raja Rajeswara Temple located at Thanjavur.

This Dravidian style temple was built by the Chola emperor Raja Raja Chola I.

One of the tallest temples in India that is completely made of Granite.

It is one of the Great Living Chola Temples, along with Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Airavatesvara temple.

It is also called Dakshin Meru and is situated on the bank of Cauvery river.

Rajagopalaswamy Temple

Tamil Nadu

Created in Dravidian style, it is also called Dakshina Dwaraka.

It has one of the largest Temple tanks in India called Haridra Nadhi.

Nataraja Temple

Tamil Nadu

The temple wall carvings display all the 108 karanas from the Natya Shastra by Bharata Muni; these postures form the foundation of Bharatanatyam, a classical Indian dance.

Build in the 10th century when Chidambaram was the capital of the Chola dynasty.

It is one of the oldest surviving active temple complexes in South India

Vishwanath Temple

Uttar Pradesh

The original Vishwanath temple was destroyed by the army of Qutb-Uddin Aibak in 1194 CE when he defeated the Raja of Kannauj.

There is a small well in the temple called the Jnana Vapi also spelt as Gyaan Vapi

In 1669 CE, Emperor Aurangzeb destroyed the temple and built the Gyanvapi Mosque in its place.

In 1780, Malhar Rao’s daughter-in-law Ahilyabai Holkar constructed the present temple adjacent to the mosque

One of the 12 Jyotirlingas.

Badrinath Temple

Uttarakhand

Located in Garhwal hill along the banks of Alaknanda River, it is at an elevation of 3,133 metres i.e. 10,279 ft above the mean sea level.

The temple is mentioned in ancient religious texts like Vishnu Purana and Skanda Purana.

Yamunotri Temple

Uttarakhand

Situated at an altitude of 3,291 metres i.e. 10,797 ft.

It is located on the backdrop of Bandarpunch

Dedicated to goddess Yamuna

Nupi Lan – Women’s war in Manipur in 1904 & 1939 (Assam & North-East India History) – APSC Exam Notes

Nupi Lan – Women’s war in Manipur in 1904 & 1939 (Assam & North-East India History) – APSC, UPSC and State Exams Notes

Assam History - Assam Exam

Go To Assam History Notes & Study Materials Page                                                                              Go To History Notes

Nupi Lan or Women’s war, is an important movement in the history of Manipur. The Manipuri women waged two historic wars in 1904 and 1939 against mass exploitation and artificial famine triggered by the British imperialists.

First Nupi Lan which broke out in 1904 was against the British order to send Manipuri men to Kabow Valley to fetch timber for re-building the then Police Agent’s bungalow after it was ravaged by fire. The first Nupi Lan was stirred up by the heirs-apparent of the erstwhile ruling family who did not like the selection of Chura Chand Singh as the King of Manipur. They persuaded the women of Manipur to resist the British government’s order to resuscitate the Lalup (forced labour where the male member of society between the age of 17 and 60 should work freely for ten days in every forty days of work). The struggle in which more than 5,000 women took part lasted for a week.

ADRE 2023 Test Series Assamexam

Second Nupi Lan was set off by the indiscriminate export of rice from Manipur by Marwari business men with the support of British rulers. It resulted in a famine-like situation in Manipur even though it was harvest season. Although the movement was started as an agitation by Manipuri women against the economic and administrative policies of the Manipur Maharaja and the Political Agent Mr. Gimson of the British Government (1933-45) in Manipur, it evolved into a movement for the constitutional and administrative reform in Manipur.

When the Manipuri women, whom had been playing a decisive role in the agrarian economy of the region, came out in legion on the streets against the British policy of massive export of rice, the authorities responded by deploying military and police force against the unarmed women protesters. The struggle lasted for several months but subsided as a result of the outbreak of Second World War.

August Offer 1940 (Modern History of India) – APSC Notes

August Offer 1940 – Indian History Notes for APSC, UPSC & other Exams

 

Go to History Notes & Study Materials Page

 

The August Offer

During the Second World War, Lord Linlithgow had declared India to be at war with Germany without consultation. INC leaders were upset with the British government for having pulled India into a war without the consent of Indians.

France had fallen to the Axis Powers and the Allies were suffering many reverses in the war. The British government were keen to get Indian support for the war. Britain herself was in danger of being occupied by the Nazis and in this light, the INC softened its stand. It said that support for the war would be provided if power was transferred to an interim government in India. Viceroy Linlithgow made a set of proposals called the ‘August offer’ in 1940. For the first time, the right of Indians to frame their own constitution was acknowledged.

 

The terms of the August Offer
  • A representative Indian body would be framed after the war to frame a constitution for India. Dominion status was the objective for India.
  • The Viceroy’s Executive Council would be expanded right away to include for the first time more Indians than whites. However, defence, finance and home portfolios were to remain with the British.
  • An advisory war council was to be established.
  • An assurance was given to the minorities that no transfer of power would take place “to any system of government whose authority is directly denied by large and powerful elements in Indian national life.”

Linlithgow also stated that there would be no revision of the Government of India Act. He also said that before any real constitutional reform could be done, the differences between the INC and the Muslim League would have to be resolved.

 

Result of August Offer
  • INC rejected this offer at its meeting at Wardha in August 1940. It demanded complete freedom from colonial rule. Jawaharlal Nehru remarked that the dominion status concept was as dead as a doornail.
  • Muslim League also rejected the offer saying that nothing short of partitioning the country would be acceptable to them.
  • After this, Mahatma Gandhi initiated the Individual Satyagraha to affirm the right to free speech. The first three satyagrahis were Vinoba Bhave, Nehru and Brahma Datt.
  • The satyagrahis also started a march towards Delhi which was called the ‘Delhi Chalo Movement’.
  • After the failure of the August Offer, the British government sent the Cripps Mission to India in a bid to garner Indian support for the war.

 

Go to History Notes & Study Materials Page