All Assam FREE APSC Prelim 2018 – GS Mock Test 1

All Assam FREE APSC Prelim 2018 - GS Mock Test 1

APSC Prelim Free - GS Mock Test 1Answer Key & Solution PDF ( Password ‘adhikaryeducation’ )

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Go To APSC CCE Prelim Test Series 2022 

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‘All questions are upto the mark …pl carry on such initiatives..thanks a lot…’ – REHANA
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‘Firstly, Thanx a lot, for such an initiative.  In my view level of questions for the next time expecting to be much tougher. As a first mock test its fine, more questions related to polity and policies/scheme is what needed. Although few sections were great (assam history, geo+ env, eco, current affair.) one advice Reduce the no of   date/year oriented questions for the next time.  ‘ – BIKRAMJIT DEKA
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‘good’ – pharos goyary
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‘Good’ – Kangkana gogoi
‘Good’ – Nilotpal Sarma Kashyap
‘Good’ – Binon timung
‘Good’ – Samadrita Goswami
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‘good’ – utpal baruah
‘good’ – momichutia
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‘Good’ – Swarup Upadhyaya
‘Good’ – Partha Pratim Chakravarty
‘Good ‘ – Biswajit Saharia
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APSC Prelim 2016 GS Paper – Solved Question Paper

APSC Question Papers: Prelim Exam 2016 GS Papers – Solution and Answer Key

APSC CC (Prelim) Exam 2016 – General Studies Paper is solved here. This will help aspirants to have a fair idea of the frequently asked areas and will benefit them in their preparation for APSC Prelim Exam 2018.

APSC Prelim 2016 – GS Paper ( Solved) PDF

3600 degree Analysis & Suggested topics [ Video Series ] – PART 1 (Q1-10) | PART 2 (Q11-20) | PART 3 (Q21-30) | PART 4 (Q31-40)PART 5 (Q41-50) | PART 6 (Q51-60) | PART 7 (Q61-70) | PART 8 (Q71-80) | PART 9 (Q81-90) | PART 10 (Q91-100)

2016 GS Question Papers – Series A

Q1. Founder of the South-East Asia Ramayana Research Centre?
b. Late Dr. Mamoni Raisom Goswami

Q2. Recipient of Bishwaratna Dr. Bhupen Hazarika International Soldidarity Award in 2015?
d. Adoor Gopalakrishnan

Q3. First Assamese women to be awarded Sangeet Natak Academy Award
c. Pritan Pandey Barua

Q4. In which division of british Indian rmy, Mangal Pandey was inducted
a. 344th Bengal Native Infantry

Q5. India’s average annul growth rate of Population during 2001-2011
a. 1.64%

Q6. In which sector, Maximum plan allocation and priorities were given in 12th Five Year Plan in Assam
d. Irrigation and flood control

Q7. Contribution of agriculture in India`s GDP is
a. 14%

Q8. WTO is successor to
d. GATT

Q9. Aruna Asaf Ali was a major women organiser of underground activities in
d. Quit India Movement

Q10. Slogan `Inquilab Zindbad` was first raised by
d. Bhagat Singh

Q11. After which incident, M K Gandhi called the Non-Cooperation movement as Himalayan Blunder
b. Chauri-Chaura

Q12. Who organised a march on the Tanjore Coast to break Salt Law
d. C Rajagopalachari
#Q in Our test series

Q13. “Mother of Indian Revolution” is
d. Bhikaji Cama

Q14. In ‘Individual Satyagraha’, who was the second Satyagrahi
c. JL Nehru

Q15. Founder of Gupta Empire
d. Sri Gupta

Q16. First Census was conducted at the time of
d. John Napier ( acting Viceroy in 1872)

Q17. Gupta Painting in other than Ajanta Cave
b. Bagh Cave

Q18. Which Gupta King faced first Huna Invasion
d. Kumaragupta I

Q19. Who anticipated Newton by declaring that all things gravitate to the earth
d. Brahmagupta

Q20. Quorum of the Parliament is fixed at
a. One-tenth of the membership of the house

Q21. ‘Sunrise Industry’ is
c. IT

Q22. No. of satellite launched by ISRO to create history
d. 104
#Q in Our test series

Q23. MS Word is a
b. Application Software

Q24. During whose reign the ‘Rang Ghar’ was built
b. Pramatta Singha

Q25. Which city issued red alert for air pollution for the first time on Dec 2015
c. Beijing

Q26. GST would replace
d. VAT
#Q in Our test series

Q27. High Altitude Warfare School of the Indian Army is located at
c. Gulmarg

Q28. Largest troop contributor to UN Peacekeeping Mission
b. India ( 1st Ethiopia, 2nd India, 3rd Pakistan and 4th Bangladesh )

Q29. Who said ‘India is the bright spot on the cloudy global horizon’
d. IMF Chief Christine Lagarde

Q30. Supreme Court was set up under
a. Regulating Act of 1773

Q31. Addl and Acting judges are appointed in High Courts, under which Article
c. Article 224

Q32. First lok Adalat was held in
c. 1987 ( as the Act passed 1987, but Correct ans not given, it should be 1982)

Q33. Custodian of the Constitution of India
d. Supreme Court of India
#Q in Our test series

Q34. Which jurisdiction of Indian judiciary covers PIL
d. epistolary jurisdiction

Q35. The power of Supreme Court to decide disputes between the Centre and the states falls under it’s
c. Original Jurisdiction

Q36. Maximum permissible period between two sessions of a state Legislative Assembly is
b. Six months

Q37. Governor of which state has special power regarding the schedule tribal areas
b. Assam

Q38. The state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded special status under
b. Art 370
#Q in Our test series

Q39. Under which Articles, Supreme Court has power to review it’s own judgment or order
a. Article 137

Q40. Who has written 3524 songs in 650 films and eligible for Guinness book of world record
d. Sameer

Q41. Paintings on the walls and ceiling of Ajanta Cave depicts mainly
c. Incidents related to life of Gautham Buddha

Q42. Mughal building exactly equal in length and breadth
d. Taj Mahal

Q43. When was the National Anthem adopted by the Govt of India
c. 24th January 1950

Q44. 0.5% chess on which services to fund the Swachh Bharat Programme
d. All taxable services
#Q in Our test series

Q45. Radcliff committee was appointed to
c. Delimit boundaries between India and Pakistan
#Q in Our test series

Q46. Viceroy of India during the time of Jallianwala Bagh tragedy
b. Chelmsford

Q47. Against whom was the Lahore Conspiracy Case registered
d. Vishnu Ganesh Pringle

Q48. Women revolutionary who shot the Governor of Bengal which receiving her degree at University of Calcutta
b. Buna Das

Q49. The viceroy upon whom a bomb was thrown
a. Harding

Q50. M K Gandhi started Civil Disobedience Movement from
d. Sabarmati

Q51. Who founded the Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association
a. MK Gandhi

Q52. Which Act aroused a wave of popular indignation that lead to massacre at Jallianwala Bagh
d. Rowlett Act

Q53. Central Institute of Buddhist Studies located at
d. Leh

Q54. Most qualified person in India
c. Srikant Jichkar (APSC takes Facebook posts seriously)

Q55. “Every pearl in the royal crown is nothing but the crystallized drops of blood fallen from the tearful eyes of the poor farmers’
c. Amir Khusru

Q56. Which pair is related to 3G mobile telecommunications
a. WiMAX and UMTS (doubtful as 3G standards are – UMTS, WiMAX, EDGE or EGPRS and given option d. UMTS and GPRS )

Q57. Air-to-air missile
a. Astra

Q58. Clock and calendar in your computer is found in
a. Taskbar

Q59. Groups of only output devices
d. Plotter, printer and monitor

Q60. President of Swaraj party in Assam during the freedom movement
d. Tarun Ram Phookan
#Q in Our test series

Q61. Leaders of 1857 Revolt in Assam
d. Maniram Dewan
#Q in Our test series

Q62. Tribes practices nomadic herding
d. All the above

Q63. Device used to record humidity
a. Hygrometer
#Q in Our test series

Q64. Dolby B and Dolby C refers to
c. Noise reduction circuit

Q65. Packet of information travels between browser and the webserver
d. Cookie

Q66. WTO promote
d. Multilateral trade

Q67. National intelligence agencies of Israel
c. Mossad

Q68. Sum total of incomes received for the services of labour, land or capital in a country is called
b. national income

Q69. Speaker can ask a Member of the house to stop speaking and allow others to speak, is called
d. Yielding the floor

Q70. State with largest no. Of seats reserved for schedule tribes in the lok sabha
d. Madhya Pradesh

Q71. In deciding Whether any bill is money bill or not, whose decision is final
c. Speaker of Lok Sabha
#Q in Our test series

Q72. Which can input image/picture in a computer
d. Scanner

Q73. Not an official language of UN
c. Portuguese

Q74. Permanent HQ of SAARC Secretariat is located at
a. Kathmandu

Q75. First NAM summit held at
b. Cairo

Q76. WTO approve which country’s membership in December 2015
d. Afghanistan

Q77. Which is a warm current
b. Kuroshio Current

Q78. Tropical cyclone of Philippines is
d. Baguio

Q79. Trees belong to cool temperate hardwood species
c. Oak, poplar and maple

Q80. Biodiversity forms basis of human existence in which way
d. Pollination of crop (all options correct, d. seems most suitable )

Q81. Which covers the highest percentage of forests area in the world
Temperate Coniferous forests

Q82. Which basin experience conventional rainfall
a. Amazon ( ‘Conventional’ should be ‘Convectional’ )

Q83. How many km are represented by 1 degree of latitude
c. 111km

Q84. First fort constructed by British in India
b. Fort St. George (The fort currently houses the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly)

Q85. Last European to come to Pre-independence India as traders
a. French

Q86. Invested 15000 @10% per annum for 1 year, interest compounded half-yearly, what will be the amount after 1 year
c. 16537.5
( After first six month, amount = 15000+(15000x10x0.5)/100 = 15750
After second six month, amount = 15750+(15750x10x0.5) = 16537.5 )

Q87. Relation
b. granddaughter
P
|
Sister
|
Q –Mother-> R –Father-> S –Mother-> T

Q88. Code language
a. LCUXNQ

Q89. Educated middle class Indian
d. Remained neutral to the revolt of 1857

Q90. First English news paper in India
b. Bengal Gazette
#Q in Our test series

Q91. Who succeeded Robert Clive to head the East India Company
c. Lord Hastings

Q92. Job Charnok founded Kolkata at the site of
d. All the above ( It’s doubtful theory and Calcutta High Court declared that Charnock ought not to be regarded as the founder of Calcutta, APSC should have avoided this )

Q93. The seasonal reversal of wind is typical characteristic of
c. Monsoon climate

Q94. Tirupur is well-known for export of
d. Knitted garments

Q95. Path of Buddha is known as the ‘Middle Path’ because
c. avoid self- indulgence and self-immolation

Q96. Party founded by SC Bose
d. Forward Block
#Q in Our test series

Q97. The doctrine of ‘non-violence’ and ‘civil disobedience’ were influenced by
b. Ruskin, Tolstoy and Thoreau

Q98. Chief Ministers of all the states are ex-officio members of
d. National Development Council NDC

Q99. Which of the following is the largest Lok Sabha constituency
d. Ladakh

Q100. Which Committee of the Parliament has no members from Raja Sabha
b. Estimate Committee

APSC Prelim 2016 – GS Paper ( Solved) PDF

3600 degree Analysis & Suggested topics [ Video Series ] – PART 1 (Q1-10) | PART 2 (Q11-20) | PART 3 (Q21-30) | PART 4 (Q31-40)PART 5 (Q41-50) | PART 6 (Q51-60) | PART 7 (Q61-70) | PART 8 (Q71-80) | PART 9 (Q81-90) | PART 10 (Q91-100)

Previous Years Question Papers                                          |                                                   Go To APSC Prelim Page

APSC Prelim 2009 GS Paper – Questions & Section-wise Analysis

APSC Question Papers: Prelim Exam 2009 GS (General Studies) Papers & Analysis

APSC prelims questions

APSC Previous years are always very helpful as they provide the trends APSC asks questions about and also the topics APSC gives more weightage upon. Here we will list the Questions asked in APSC Prelim 2009 General Studies Paper  and also analyse the paper by segregating no. of questions from each areas and see from which area more questions have appeared and which are the sections very lightly covered by the GS paper.

  1. Indian Polity + Political System in India
  • Habeas corpus writ
  • National Flood Control Programme (NFCP)
  • The Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP)
  • Direct democracy
  • Article 80
  • Fundamental Duties – committee
  • Panchayati Raj was established in Assam
  • Planning Commission year
  • Citizenship Act, 1955 to acquire Indian citizenship
  • types of budgeting is followed in India
  • Articles of the Constitution of India is related to the independence of the Union Public Service Commission
  • Schedules to the Constitution of India relates to languages
  • Impeachment of the President of India
  • not a part of the financial management
  • Assam Panchayat Act, 1994 – provisions
  • How many members are there in the Rajya Sabha from Assam?

  1. Current Affairs National + International
  • Who Was awarded the Man of the Series in Cricket World Cup, 2011?
  • Authored the book, India from Midnight to Millennium?
  • First Secretary-General of UN
  • Chairs the Planning Commission
  • Sanjukta Panigrahi was the popular exponent of which Indian clasaical dance
  • slogan of the Commonwealth Games-2010
  • Swine flu is caused by
  • First Indian to win the gold medal in men’s singles tennis at the Asian Games
  1. Economy+Planning
  • Organisation related to international trade (EXIM, IIP, FPO, TQM)
  • headquarters of WTO
  • Per capita income of Assam
  1. Geography
  • Drip irrigation
  • Grey Revolution
  • In which Indian State is the hill station Kodaikanal
  • longest river in Asia?
  • ‘Land of Morning Calm’.
  • total area of Assam
  • largest continent in the world
  • Assam State climate
  • Terai zone is situated at Assam’s
  • National Park of Assam where the rare white-winged duck (Deohanh) is found
  • new island emrging out of the Bay of Bengal?
  • total geographical area of Assam the total area under forest
  • World’s largest producer of gold
  • world’s longest railway line?
  • How are latitude and Iongitilde lines drawn on a globe
  • Bhakra Dam is located in
  • Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research is Located
  • States which have common boundaries with Bangladesh
  • National Highway 1
  • States is not touched by Tropic of Cancer
  • odd pair out,(A) Dheerbeel : Dhubri district(B) Khamrengabeel : kamrup (C) Tamrangabeel : Bongaigaon district(D) Merbeel :jorhat
  • average gradient of the Brahamaputra within Assam
  • Clouded leopard and capped langur are important animals of which NP
  • not a tributary to the Indus
  • Sardar Sarobar Dam is constructed on river
  • Bermuda Triangle is located in
  • Waterloo is located in country
  • vast grassland of Australia is known as
  • famous fort sonar killa is located
  • Strait divides Europe from Africa

  1. History, culture, Literature, Freedom 
  • ‘PurnaSwaraj’ resolution
  • Home Rule Movement
  • French philosopher Rousseau years
  • Indus Valley Cilvilization
  • first to visit India – Huen Tsang, I-Tsing, Fa-Hien
  • AhalyaBai
  • ‘Do or Die’
  • Land Settlement Systems in Assam
  • capital of British India was shifted to Delhi in the year
  • A. O. Hume was a
  • Indian National Army was headed by
  • Swadeshi Movement started during
  • first regular census in India
  • earliest historical dynasty of Assam
  • first tea company established in Assam
  • The slogan ‘Inquilab Zindabad’ was given by
  • events can be ascribed to the year 1919
  • Act transferred power from the Company to the Crown in India?
  • first railway line in India
  • When East India Company begin to build up its territorial power in India
  • Third Battle of Panipat
  • When was Mizoram converted into a Union Territory?
  • which year was Burma annexed by the British?
  • Who wrote ‘VandeMatram’?
  • Indian National Congress was founded during the viceroyalty of?
  1. Science
  • Rusting
  • purest form of gold
  • the percentage of oxygen in the earth’s crust
  • the precise time taken by the earth for one rotation?
  • Body Mass Index (BMI) Should be
  • Black hole
  • operating system of computers
  • Escape velocity
  • Largest moon in the solar system
  • Pacemaker
  • prolonged fasting, his/her urine will contain abnormal quantity of
  • Science of improving human race
  • photon will have less energy
  • Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is mainly a mixture of
  • radioactive isotope is most useful for nuclear power
  • third most abundant gas in the atmosphere
  • planet takes more time to complete one rotation on its axis than to complete one revolution around the sun
  1. Aptitude
  • % problem

GS Papers of 2009, 2013 and 2015 Analysis & Video Analysis

Prelim GS Paper 2016 – Question Paper & Analysis

2016 GS Paper – 3600 degree Analysis & Suggested topics [ Video Series ] PART 1 (Q1-10)PART 2 (Q11-20)PART 3 (Q21-30)PART 4 (Q31-40)PART 5 (Q41-50) | PART 6 (Q51-60) | PART 7 (Q61-70) | PART 8 (Q71-80) | PART 9 (Q81-90) | PART 10 (Q91-100)

Go To APSC Prelim Page

APSC Prelim 2013 GS Paper – Questions & Section-wise Analysis

APSC Prelim Exam 2013 GS Question Paper & Analysis
APSC Prelims 2020 answer Key Solution

APSC Previous years are always very helpful as they provide the trends APSC asks questions about and also the topics APSC gives more weightage upon. Here we will list the Questions asked in APSC Prelim 2013 General Studies Paper  and also analyse the paper by segregating no. of questions from each areas and see from which area more questions have appeared and which are the sections very lightly covered by the GS paper.

  1. Indian Polity + Political System in India
  • Which subject not included in the state list in the constitution of India?
  • Rajya Sabha has exclusive jurisdiction in?
  • Which is not a part of the Directive Principles of the State Policy?
  • Which was not originally included in the Preamble to the Constitution of India?
  • President of India does not deny his consent to a Money Bill because?
  • Constituent Assembly of India have its first meeting on which date?
  • Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution deals with?
  • 42nd amendment of Indian Constitution deals with?
  • Ashok Mehta Committee is related to? 
  • Which schedule deals with the Division of power between Centre and States?
  • Legal document created in 1947 that allowed the Princely states to join either India or Pakistan is?
  • During National emergency, Fundamental Rights limitations?
  • Presidents of India in the correct chronological sequence
  • The term ‘secular’ was added to the Preamble in?
  • Which is not a Money Bill? A. Budget B. Appropriation Bill C.Bill seeking Vote on Account D. Finance Bill
  • Which article of the Indian Constitution has empowered the parliament to regulate the citizenship matters?
  • What is the status of Planning Commission of India?
  • Committees formed related to Panchayati Raj institutions?
  • Which of the following state does not have an autonomous district?
  • Which Government remained in power in India for the shorted period?

  1. Current Affairs National + International
  • GSAT-7 launched from which place?
  • Name of the Submarine which was destroyed recently?
  • Zubin Mehta was in news recently, why?
  • Ship MV Bingo was drowned due to cyclone Phailin, which aircraft was used for search & rescue mission?  – Dornier Aircraft CG 790
  • Which organisation launched the world’s largest solar sail in 2014?
  • Which Indian film personalities received Oscar Award?
  • National Children’s Science Congress (NCSC) was held in?
  • Who is the author of the book, ‘India Against Itself’?
  1. Economy+Planning
  • Which Indian economist helped create the United Nations Human Development Index?
  • Indian economic sectors has attracted the highest foreign direct investment inflows?
  • Who formulates the fiscal policy?
  • Which committee that recommended abolition of tax rebate under Section 88- A. Chelliah Committee, B. Kelkar Committee, C. Shome Committee?
  • VAT is imposed on?
  • SEBI is a/an A. statutory body B. advisory body C. constitutional body D. non-statutory?
  • inflation is measured by?
  • Terra-cotta industry in Assam in which place?
  • Rise in the general price level is due to?
  • FDI limit in specific sectors?
  • Recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission is for which period?
  • Minimum Needs Programme was launched when?
  • Plan holiday was in which year(s)?
  • Estimation of the national income done by which organisations?
  • Disinvestment meaning?
  • New tax regime VAT/ GST?
  • First systematic attempt of economic planning started when?
  • Minimum amount of calorie-based definition of poverty?
  • Decentralized planning?
  • Assam Gas Cracker Project at Tengakhat does not have the proposal to produce what?
  1. Geography
  • UN in its report World Population Prospects, 2012, India will be the Most populous by which year?
  • When Kaziranga wildlife Sanctuary was elevated to a National Park?
  • According to Census 2011, Female literacy rate in India is?
  • Largest plain of the world?
  • Percent of the Indian landmass is covered by the State of Assam?
  • Which sea is without a coastline?
  • Panidihing Birds Sanctuary is located in which district?
  • National Parks of Assam correctly in the order of descending size?
  • Cottage industry workers in Assam developed is due to? availability of raw materials
  • Mineral Resources found in places of Assam?
  • Panama Canal?
  • If the Arctic Ice was somehow replaced with dense forest -What will situation be situation?
  • Find out the odd combination out of the following:
    A. Japan, Singapore, Australia, England
    B. Bhutan, Tibet, Bangladesh, Afghanistan
    C. Mumbai, Kochi, Goa, Chennai
    D. Guwahati, Ranchi, Patna, Chandigarh
  1. History, culture, Literature, Freedom 
  • Patharughat Battle took place in which year?
  • President of Swaraj Party formed in Assam during the Freedom Movement?
  • The Yandaboo Treaty was signed in 1826 between which parties?
  • Shanti Sena Force was formed during which all India movement?
  • Buranjis are?
  • Hybrid Indo-Greek art form depicting Buddhist themes is called?
  • Title given by the British to M. K. Gandhi which he surrendered was? Kaiser-e-Hind
  • Mountbatten Plan, a referendum in Assam?
  • First Session of the Indian National Congress was presided over by?
  • Who was the last independent Ahom King?
  • Constituent Assembly was set up according to the proposal of?
  • Gandhara School of Art is a contribution of?
  • Sadiya Khowa Gowahin was a?
  • Prachya Sasanavali was edited by?
  • Who is nicknamed as Bhagaraja?
  • Pioneer lady responsible for forming the Mrityu Bahini in Assam
  • Which of the following statements is not correct?

A. Civil Disobedience Movement was started based on the issue of salt
B. Dandi March was started from Gandhiji’s Ashram at Wardha
C. Gandhi violated the Salt Laws on April 6, 1930
D. Salt March was widely covered by the European and American press

  • What are Maidans?
  • Bagarumba is a folk dance performed by?
  • Ibn Batuta, the celebrated traveler, visited Assam when?
  • Gang Ghar was constructed during the reign of which ruler?
  • Balkan Plan for fragmentation of India was mooted by?
  • Assam Provincial Congress formed in which year?
  • Gandhiji visited Assam in which year?
  • Who is the author of Asomiya Sahityar Buranji?
  • Assam region was separated from the Bengal Presidency in which year?
  • Gohain Kamal Ali from Koch Behar to Narayanpur was constructed during the reign of?
  • The first Ahom Monarch to assume the Hindu title Swarganarayan’?
  • Hasthividyarnava was done by?
  • British-made aerodrome at Barnagar, Sarbhog was set ablaze under the leadership of Brajanath Sarma in
  • The title of the overall administrative head of Lower Assam region during the Ahom Rule was?
  • First rebellion against the British rule in Assam in 1828 was led by?
  • Which district was separated from Assam and given to Pakistan in 1947?
  1. Science
  • renewable energy sector, the first three ranks
  1. Aptitude
  • series 65, 76, 78, 95, 91, 114, 104, 133, … …. find the two missing terms
  • time / missing no. / Day on date – calendar / Order  – puzzle

GS Papers of 2009, 2013 and 2015 Analysis & Video Analysis

Prelim GS Paper 2016 – Question Paper & Analysis

2016 GS Paper – 3600 degree Analysis & Suggested topics [ Video Series ] PART 1 (Q1-10)PART 2 (Q11-20)PART 3 (Q21-30)PART 4 (Q31-40)PART 5 (Q41-50) | PART 6 (Q51-60) | PART 7 (Q61-70) | PART 8 (Q71-80) | PART 9 (Q81-90) | PART 10 (Q91-100)

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APSC Prelim 2015 GS Paper – Questions & Section-wise Analysis

APSC Question Papers: Prelim Exam 2015 GS Papers & Analysis
APSC prelims questions
APSC Previous years are always very helpful as they provide the trends APSC asks questions about and also the topics APSC gives more weightage upon. Here we will list the Questions asked in APSC Prelim 2015 General Studies Paper  and also analyse the paper by segregating no. of questions from each areas and see from which area more questions have appeared and which are the sections very lightly covered by the GS paper.

  1. Indian Polity + Political System in India
  • Right to Education – under which category? (a) DP, (b) FR, (c) FD, (d)Legal Right
  • Disputes in election of President and Vice-President is decided by which authority?
  • Reservation in private institution related to Amendment no.?
  • Which of the subject is not in state list? – (a) Police, (b) Law&order, (c) Prison, (d) Passport
  • Who initiate Impeachment of President – (a) LS, (b)Any house, (c) Rajya Sabha  (d) Supreme Court
  • Who is the Ex-officio Chairman of RS ?
  • Panchyta raj implemeneted in 1959 in which state?
  • Welfare State is in which part of Indian Constitution?
  • Three list – union, state, concurrent; are available in which schedule of Indian Constitution?
  • Which of the following Ideas were not in original preamble? – (a)liberty, (b)socialism, (c)equality, (d)justice
  • Which Dept prepare Union Budget?
  • Hornbill festival is celebrated in which state?
  • Which Article of Indian Constitution has provision for Anglo Indian in LS?
  • National party – eligibility criteria?   – state party, defection, party symbol
  • What is maximum seat for Lok Sabha?
  • what is the maximum. gap b/n two sessions of Parliament?
  • Essential feature of parliamentary form of govt
  • When does a candidate losses his Deposit in election – criteria
  1. Current Affairs National + International
  • Theme of Indian Science Congress
  • First district in India where High-Speed Rural Broadband network is being implemented?
  • Theme of National youth festival 2015 in Guwahati?
  • Bhupen Hazarika Award’15 is awarded to whom?
  • Storm ‘Etau’  came in which country?
  • Who is the 1st President of BRICS development Bank?
  • Where is the 2022 Comonwealth games hosted?
  • UNESCO award – conservation -temple – city
  • When is the 1st International yoga Day organised?
  • First transgender Principal in which state of India?
  • Asian Athletics Championship 2015 is hosted in which city ?
  • 2022 Olympic winter games to be hosted is which city?
  • Best Film in Nat. Film Award?
  • Personality death recently
  • Cricket related Question
  • PAHAL – Govt Scheme?
  • Smart city – which state has maximum no.?
  • What is Aadhar ?
  • NPP – stable population?
  1. Economy+Planning
  • Which is th Bankers of Bank ?
  • 14th Fin Comm – recommendation – % of tax devolution to states?
  • Non-Development  expenditure include?
  • Which new Bank started?
  • Women-20 – President?
  • Mainstay of Indian economy
  • What is Deficit Financing?
  • Most important source of income for GoI?
  • Which items not under GST?
  • Women bank?
  • NITI full form?
  • JAM full form? (terms of Economic survey)
  • Which Five year plan plan focus growth with social justice & equity?
  1. Geography
  • smallest district of assam?
  • not east flowing river?
  • highest mountain peak in India?
  • geographical Which process forms valley?
  • Name of dry local wind of sahar desert?
  • Which is not a kharif crop?
  • diego Garcia – island in which ocean?
  • Baksa district created from district?
  • Indian standard Time – longitude?
  • India’s rank by Area?
  1. History, culture, Literature, Freedom 
  • Dispur was made capital of assam in which year?
  • Who translate Ramayana in Assamese?
  • Planter Raj to Swaaraj author?
  • First Assamese to win Sangeet Natak Academy award
  • First dictionary in Assamese by
  • Firs novel by Rajanikanta Bordoloi
  • Civil Dis-Obedience Movement – Pact B/n Gandhi & ?
  • Red Fort built by?
  • Dandi March –began which movement?
  • Who ends Dual Govt in Bengal?
  • East India Company established in 1600 by which Ruler ?
  • Governance of India passed to which which British Act?
  • Which ruler made postal delivery system
  • Sankardev born year?
  • BhupenH’zrika taught in which univ ?
  • INC formed month,year?
  • Institute not founded by Gandhi – Sabarmati, Sevagram,Visva-bharati,Phoenis Ashram
  • Swaraj demand made first time by ?
  • First movement among the swadeshi,khilafat,quit,CDM
  • Viceroy during whom Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place?
  • Vande Mataram was adopted as slogal in which movement – QIM,NCM,PoB,Rev1857
  • First martyr of 1942 revolt?
  • Patharughat incident – Itakhuli, Phulaguri,Rangiya
  • MrityuBahini organized by ?
  • Yogini Tantra written century ?
  • You said it,commom man, tunnel of time –by ?
  1. Science
  • Dakshin Gangotri research station location?
  • DRDO developed drug Lukoski?
  • First remote sensing satellite –launched from
  • EDUSAT – launched which year?
  • Fabric from bananan fibre –developed by which organisation?
  1. Aptitude
  • Speed &dist / Ranking – back-forth x2 / Direction x 2
  • Code –language / Time / Series – APLHABET
  • Misc – Ikebana – Japanese art of ?

GS Papers of 2009, 2013 and 2015 Analysis & Video Analysis

Prelim GS Paper 2016 – Question Paper & Analysis

2016 GS Paper – 3600 degree Analysis & Suggested topics [ Video Series ] PART 1 (Q1-10)PART 2 (Q11-20)PART 3 (Q21-30)PART 4 (Q31-40)PART 5 (Q41-50) | PART 6 (Q51-60) | PART 7 (Q61-70) | PART 8 (Q71-80) | PART 9 (Q81-90) | PART 10 (Q91-100)

Go To APSC Prelim Page

Protected Areas Network in Assam | Environment of Assam Notes

Protected Areas Network in Assam : Assam Geography/Environment Notes

Assam Geography - Assamexam

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Protected Areas Network in Assam

The Protected Area Network in Assam occupies 3925-sq. km. area and constitute about 5 % of the State’s geographical area. The PAN includes 5 National Parks and 17 Wildlife sanctuaries as well as 3 proposed Wildlife Sanctuaries, 4 Tiger Reserves, 5 Elephant Reserves, 2 Biosphere Reserves and 2 World Natural Heritage Sites and they play very important role in in-situ conservation of biodiversity.

Kaziranga National Park home to great Indian one horned rhinoceros. Besides, wild buffaloes, swamp deer, hog deer, sambar, elephant, tiger and leopard are also found in KNP. The faunal population of KNP has 35 species of mammals, 42 species of fishes, and 254 species of birds including Bengal florican. Kaziranga National Park in also a “World heritage site” and a” Tiger reserve”.

Manas National Park is also a Biosphere Reserve and forms a contiguous linear belt along the foot of Himalayas. The floral diversity includes 543 plant species. The faunal diversity is represented by 60 mammalian species, 42 species of reptiles, 7 species of amphibians, 5 fish species, 103 invertebrate species and 327 species of birds. Translcation of rhinos from Pobitora and Manas is being undertaken in stages to reintroduce rhinos in Manas.

Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve includes Dibru- Saikhowa wild life Sanctuary and biogeographically exhibits the properties of both the Indian and Malayan sub-regions. It consists of a number of “ecotones” between floral communities of riparian and grassland habitats as well as deciduous forest and wet evergreen forest types. This biosphere reserve is home to many important faunal species including white wing wood duck, hoolock gibbon, wild buffalo, several species of turtles, Gangetic dolphin, golden mahaseer etc. The documented animal population includes 3 species of amphibians, 22 species of reptiles, 25 species of birds, 25 species of mammals, 62 species of fishes etc. 

Wildlife census figures of flagship species in Assam
  • Elephants (in 2017): 5,719
  • Rhinos ( in 2012): 2,700
  • Tiger (in 2010 ): 143 [ This no. is increasing fast ]
  • Swamp Deer ( in 2011): 1,169
National Parks of Assam
  • Kaziranga N.P
  • Manas N.P
  • Dibru – Saikhowa N.P
  • Nameri N.P
  • Rajiv Gandhi Orang N.P
  • Dihing Patkai National Park
  • Raimona National Park
Wildlife Sanctuaries of Assam:
  • Garampani W.L.S
  • Laokhowa W.L.S
  • Bornadi W.L.S
  • Chakrasila W.L.S
  • Burachapori W.L.S
  • Panidehing W.L.S
  • Hollongapar Gibbon W.L.S
  • Pabitora W.L.S
  • Sonai Rupai W.L.S
  • Bherjan – Borajan – Padumoni W.L.S
  • East K. Anglong W.L.S
  • Nambor W.L.S
  • Marat Longri W.L.S
  • Nambor – Doigrung W.L.S
  • Amchang W.L.S
  • Dehing Patkai W.L.S
  • Borail W.L.S
  • Deepar Beel W.L.S
  • Bordoibam Bilmukh Bird W.L.S. (Proposed)
  • North K. Anglong W.L.S. (Proposed)
Vulture conservation and breeding centre (Rani)

In view of the depletion of the global population of vultures, the Govt. of Assam in collaboration with the BNHS, Bombay has established a Vulture conservation & Breeding centre at Rani. The objectives of the project is to have 50 pairs of Vultures for breeding with the ultimate goal to release than in the wild.

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Soil Types of Assam – Assam Geography Notes

Soil Types of Assam : Assam Geography Study Materials & Notes

Assam Geography - Assamexam

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Soil Types of Assam : Assam Geography

The soils of Assam are very rich in content of nitrogen and organic matter. The alluvial soils of the Brahmaputra and the Barak valley are highly fertile and are very much suitable for raising of varieties of crops round the year such as cereals, pulses, oilseeds, plantation crops etc. The well drained, deep, acidic alluvial soils of upper Assam with good proportion of phosphoric content are mostly suitable for the plantation. New alluvial soils occurring in the charlands of the Brahmaputra are most suitable for growing oilseeds, pulses and rabi crops. The alluvium of the plains offers excellent opportunity for cultivating rice and vegetable. The soils occurring in the upper reaches of the hill slopes are very suitable for horticulture and plantation crops.

The diversified geological conditions, topographical characteristics, climatic situations and vegetation types have favour the formation of different types of soil in the hills, piedmonts, plateaus and plains. The soils of Assam may thus generally be divided into four groups, viz.

  1. Alluvial soils
  2. Piedmont soils
  3. Hill soils
  4. Lateritic soils.
Alluvial Soils

The alluvial soils are extensively distributed over the Brahmaputra and Barak plain. These soils are very fertile as they formed from the alluvium deposits, deposited by the rivers Brahmaputra, Barak and their tributaries. The alluvial soils of Assam can be further be divided into two sub-types base on some micro differences in character such as – younger alluvium and old alluvium.

The younger alluvial soil occurs in an extensive belt of the north-bank and south-bank plains including the active flood plains of the Brahmaputra and the Barak rivers. This soil characterized by recent deposition of alluvium, moderately deep to very deep with grey to molted grey colour. It is mostly composed of sandy to silty loams and slightly acidic in nature. On the riverbanks it is less acidic and sometimes neutral or slightly alkaline. The soil lack in prifile development and is deficient in phosphoric acid, nitrogen and humus.

The old alluvial soil occurs in some patches of Kokrajhar, Barpeta, Nalbari, Kamrup, Darrang, Sonitpur, Lakhimpur and dhemaji districts between the northern piedmont soil belt and the southern new alluvial soils of the Brahmaputra valley. In the south bank districts of the valley it occurs in a narrow belt bounded between the southern hill soils and northern new alluvial soils. In the Kopili plain covering Nagaon district the old alluvium finds wider extension.

The Barak plain, on the other hand, has some elongated patches of old alluvial soil confined between the new alluvial soils of the active floodplain and the hill soils boardering Mizoram. Generally the old alluvial soil is very deep, brownish to yellowish brown with texture of fine loams to coarse loams and is slightly to moderately acidic.

Piedmont Soils

The piedmont soils are confined to the northern narrow zone along the piedmont zone of the Himalayan foothills. These soils comprise the Bhabar soil and the Tarai soil, covering respectively the Bhabar and the Tarai belt of the Brahmaputra valley.

The Bhabar soil occurs in the narrow belt along the Assam-Arunachal boarder extending east up to the river Subansiri’ is characterized by unassorted detritus of boulders, pebbles, cobbles, sand and silts. This soil is deep and fine to clay loamy in texture.

The Tarai soil occurring just south of the Bhabar soil extends up to Dihang river in some discontinuous narrow patches.This soil varies from sandy to silty loams that remain saturated and support tall grasses in a series of swamps.

Hill Soils

The hill soils are generally found in the southern hilly terrains of the state. The fertility of these soils defers greatly in different regions. These soils are rich in nitrogen and organic matters. On the basis of the physical texture and chemical composition, the hill soils may be divided into – red sandy soils and red loamy soils.

The red sandy soils are distributed covering as narrow belt along the Assam- Meghalaya border, the Karbi Plateau, southern part of Barail range of the N.C.Hill district and some parts of the foothills along the eastern border of the Cachar district. This soil is very deep and well drained, brownish to yellowish in colour, strongly to moderately acidic with high organic content.

The red loamy soils, on the other hand, occurs in the narrow southern foothill belt running along the Assam’s boarder with Arunachal and Nagaland and also in the southern fringes of the Karbi Plateau and the Barail hills of N.C.Hills district. These soils are very deep, dark grayish brown to yellowish red and fine to coarse loamy. Red loamy soils are slightly to moderately acidic and these lack in nitrogen, phosphoric acid, humus and lime.

Lateritic Soils

The lateritic soils in the state extensively occurs almost entirely over the N.C.Hills district covering some parts of southern Karbi Plateau while few patches are confined to eastern margin of the Hamren sub-division of Karbe Anglong district, southern boarder of Golaghat district and the northern part of the Barak plain along the foothills of the Barail range. These soils are dark and finely texture with heavy loams and deficient in nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid and lime.

 

SOIL EROSION

Riverbank erosion during high flood period in the valley is a regular annual feature. Over bank flood due to breaches in the embankment render the fertile cultivable land unsuitable for crop production due to deposition of coarse sand on the surface to a variable depth. As per Assam Government Revenue Dept. records, an area of 6116 hectares of land was affected by soil erosion in Upper Brahmaputra Valley and North Bank Plain zone during 1994.

The highly productive and fertile soils of Assam are now facing the serious problem of soil erosion like other parts of the country. Under heavy precipitation and humid climate loss of topsoil through surface run-off is the most common type of soil erosion in the entire state.

The problem of topsoil erosion is severe in the plain during the flood season. It is estimated that nearly 3.2 million hectares of land of the plain districts of the state are vulnerable to topsoil erosion with varying intensity. Terrain deformation through mass movement is another type of soil degradation, which is primarily confined to the hill districts of Karbi Anglong and N.C. Hills covering an area of about 1.53 million hectares. Another important type of soil erosion in the state, which assumed serious proportion in the recent time, is the bank erosion by the rivers. It is observed that at some places, a few kilometers of bank along the villages, fertile agricultural lands and roads are being eroded by the rivers. Majuli, the largest river island of the world is now seriously affected by the erosion and virtually facing the threat to existence. The extent of loss to the bank erosion varies from year to year depending on the severity of floods in the state.

LAND POLLUTION

Land is laid waste by destructive means of plantation and polluted by the disposal of domestic and industrial waste. Jhum cultivation, new habitations and settlements, big reservoirs and dams made for various uses such as irrigation, water supply and power, etc. play a role is destroying and adversely changing the land surface. Unscientific mining and extraction of raw materials from the ground have lasting damage on land. Sludge from the sewage plant is deposited on the land surface and which affect the fertility of the soil.

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Elephant Census 2017 Highlight & State of Elephants in India

Elephant Census 2017 – Highlight & State of Elephants in India
(APSC Geography Notes)

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In the first-ever synchronised all-India Elephant Census 2017, the population of India’s national heritage animal, the elephant, is at 27, 312 across 23 states.

This means the population has decreased by about 3,000, compared to last census in 2012. In 2012, the population of Asian elephant, an endangered and protected species in India, was estimated at around 30,000 (29,391-30,711) and in 2007 it was estimated at about 27,670 (27,657-27,682).

As per the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the population of Asian elephants was about 41,410 to 52,345 and of that India alone accounts for nearly 60%.

Director of the Project Elephant, R.K Shrivastav, said he is hopeful that the exercise will set new standards in population estimation of elephants in India and in other countries as well. “Quality of data collected during the elephant census will be high. It will be helpful in effective planning of various issues relating to elephant conservation in the country,”.

India started Project Elephant in 1992 to protect the Asian elephant, its habitat and corridors and address the man-elephant conflict. Since then, the government has been counting the elephant population every four to five years.

At present, there are 32 elephant reserves across India, covering over 58,000 sq. km. But loss and degradation of wildlife habitats, including the elephant corridors, are increasing the human-elephant conflict.

Geographical Distribution 

The highest population was in southern region (11,960) followed by the northeast region (10,139), east-central region (3,128) and northern region (2,085).

Country’s over 55 percent of elephant population is in Southern region and mainly in two states of Karnataka and Kerala.

Among the states, the highest population was recorded in Karnataka (6,049), followed by Assam (5,719) and Kerala (3,054).

In North-East Region, Assam has the maximum number of elephants, 5,719, followed by 1,754 in Meghalaya and 1,614 in Arunachal Pradesh. The population of elephants in north Bengal has been included in the Northeast population.

Overall elephant density of 0.23 elephants per square km in Assam. In Assam, elephants are found in 36 forest divisions. A total area of 11,601 square km was sampled for block count direct method for the state and the elephant density of 0.38 animals per square kilometre was estimated for this state.

In Meghalaya, much of the elephant habitat area is under community forest. A total of 232 blocks were sampled in the state and the overall density was 0.16 elephants per square kilometre.

Recent Initiatives

Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate change (MoEFCC), Dr Harsh Vardhan launched a nationwide campaign, “Gaj Yatra”, on the occasion of World Elephant Day on 12 August, to protect elephants, which will cover 12 elephant range states.

The environment minister also released a document—“Agreed points of action on trans-boundary conservation of elephants by India and Bangladesh”—which highlighted the issues on which the two nations have achieved consensus. The agreed points included constitution of a joint working group within 60 days to evolve and develop protocols and standard operating procedures for trans-boundary conservation and management of elephants.

It also called for facilitating trans-boundary migration along the India-Bangladesh border, establishment of response teams to guide such elephants which may stray into human settlements, ensure sharing of information, discouraging erection of electric fences for protection of agriculture and horticulture crops in the areas falling in identified migratory corridors to prevent death of elephants from electrocution and steps to protect, improve and expand natural habitats for elephants.

As per official numbers, in last four years, one human life was lost every day due to the human-elephant conflict. A total of 1,465 humans have been killed in the last four years (2013-14 to 2016-17).

Governments, both at the centre and in the states, have been making efforts to address the issue, but due to the huge pressure for development, natural habitats have suffered. They have even used methods like beehives and chilli fences to prevent the human-elephant conflict—to limited success.

 

World Elephant Day

World Elephant Day is a yearly worldwide occasion celebrated over the world on August 12, to focus the attention of various stakeholders in supporting various conservation policies to help protect elephants, including improving enforcement policies to prevent illegal poaching and trade in ivory, conserving elephant habitats, providing better treatment for captive elephants and reintroducing captive elephants into sanctuaries.

The objective of World Elephant Day is to make mindfulness about the predicament of elephants and to share learning and positive answers for the better care and administration of captive and wild elephants.

African elephantsare listed as “vulnerable” and Asian elephants as “endangered” in the IUCN Red List of threatened species.

Key Fact: As per the available population estimates, there are about 400,000 African elephants and 40,000 Asian elephants.

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Human Development Report of Assam (APSC Assam Economy Notes)

Human Development Report of Assam (APSC Assam Economy Notes)

Assam Economy - Assamexam

Human Development Report of Assam

APSC Mains 2020-21 Test Series – General Studies (GS) Paper I to V
APSC Mains 2020-21 Test Series – Political Science & International Relations (PSIR)
Human Development Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic (composite index) of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the GDP per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq for the UNDP.

HDI has three components denoting three basic capabilities related to health, education and living standard. The realised levels of achievement in the three components are measured by a set of indicators. Over the last two decades, these indicators have undergone several changes to reflect the responsive and evolving nature of the approach. For instance, in the education dimension, indicators of literacy rate and combined gross enrollment ratio have been replaced, in 2010, by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling. These changes became imperative as countries progressed along literacy and enrollment over the last two decades, reducing the distinguishing power of these previous indicators.

Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), the 2010 Human Development Index (HDI) combines three dimensions:

  • A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth
  • Education index: Mean years of schooling (MYS) and Expected years of schooling (EYS)
  • A decent standard of living: Per capita Income

In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used:

  1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) – LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at birth is 85 and 0 when Life expectancy at birth is 20.
  2. Education Index(EI)
    1. Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI)-Fifteen is the projected maximum of this indicator for 2025.
    2. Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) – Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a master’s degree in most countries.
  3. Income Index (II) – II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita is $100.

Finally, the HDI is the Geometric Mean of the previous three normalized indices.

Human Development Indicators and Indices in Assam

Life Expectancy at Birth

The indicator of life expectancy at birth is used to measure the realised achievement in the health dimension, that is, ‘to be able to live a long life’. The life expectancy at birth denotes the number of years that a child can expect to live at the time of birth, given the age-specific mortality rates in the population. The life expectancy, however, is an indicator of very long-term improvement in health.

In India, data on life expectancy at birth are available through Sample Registration System (SRS) only up to the state level usually disaggregated at the levels of male-female and rural-urban. The latest available SRS data (2006-10) estimate life expectancy at birth in Assam at 62 years (male 61 years and female 63.2 years) putting the state in the bottom echelon.

This low achievement of the state in health functioning is consequent on high infant and child mortality together with high adult mortality in the state since life expectancy at birth depends on an age-specific mortality pattern. Low probability in child survival adversely affects the life expectancy at birth in the state.

Based on HDR survey data, the life expectancy at birth in the state is found to be 54 years. District level estimates of life expectancy at birth reveal that life expectancy varies widely across districts. The highest life expectancy is estimated in Kamrup (71.88) while the lowest is found in Cachar (40.76).  Relatively higher life expectancies are found to be in the districts of Barpeta, Chirang, Dima Hasao, Karbi Anglong, Goalpara and Marigaon. Similarly, relatively lower life expectancies are found in districts of Baksa, Karimganj, Hailakandi, tinsukia and Sonitpur

The life expectancy in rural areas is found to be lower (53.39) than in urban areas (57.97). Religion wise, it is found that Christians have higher life expectancy (58.37) compared to Hindus (54.62) and Muslims (52.98). Moreover, the life expectancy among Other Backward Classes (OBCs) is found to be much lower (51.75) than the state average (54.0). Across spatial diversity categories, life expectancy was found to be the highest in the hill blocks (67.42). On the other hand, border, flood-affected and tea garden blocks have been found to be disadvantaged in terms of life expectancies.

 

Mean Years of Schooling

Mean Years of Schooling (MYS) is one of the two indicators used to measure educational achievement in HDRs by UNDP. It replaced the literacy rate as an indicator under the education dimension in 2010. MYS indicates the average number of completed years of education of a country’s population. Usually, MYS is estimated for populations aged 25 years and older, which is also the indicator used in the calculation of the HDI by UNDP.

MYS is derived from data on educational attainment. For obtaining estimates of MYS, distribution of population by age and educational attainment is required at a given point of time. The officially required number of years for each level of education is then applied as a multiplier to the age-education frequency distribution to get the mean years from the distribution.

Based on the HDR survey data, the MYS for Assam is estimated at 6.1710. Given the normative goal of 15 years which ensures secondary level of schooling11, the present educational achievement in the state is only about 40 per cent of the goal12. Besides, there is a clear rural-urban divide with MYS in rural areas at 5.70 and that in urban areas at 8.59.

The second visible divide is observed in male- female achievement levels: the MYS of males is estimated at 6.93 against the MYS of females at 5.32. Differences in MYS are also prominent along religious and social categories. The MYS amongst Hindus is found to be 6.85 compared to 4.49 amongst Muslims.

Similarly, MYS is found to be lower (5.92) amongst SCs compared to other social categories. In terms of MYS, the most disadvantaged section is found to be rural Muslim women – their MYS is estimated as a mere 3.3. However, the estimated MYS for rural Muslim women varies widely across districts, the lowest being observed in Darrang (1.55 only) and the highest is found in Sibsagar (7.98).

District wise estimates show that MYS ranges from 3.77 to 9.16. The highest MYS of 9.16 is found in Kamrup (M) while the lowest 3.77 is found in Darrang. In terms of MYS in rural areas, Darrang again figures at the bottom with 3.59 followed by Dhubri with 4.09. The highest MYS in rural areas is observed in Sibsagar (8.26) followed by Jorhat (7.20) and Nalbari (7.07). As far as the MYS among females is concerned, the lowest is found again in Darrang (2.87) followed by Baksa (3.51) and Dhubri (3.50). The highest MYS in females is obtained in Kamrup Metro (8.35) followed by Sibsagar (7.79) and Jorhat (7.22). This notwithstanding, the highest gender gaps in MYS are also observed in Sibsagar, Kamrup (M) and Jorhat.

Expected Years of Schooling

The second indicator of educational achievement in HDI is Expected Years of Schooling (EYS) which replaced the gross enrolment ratio in 2010. Nevertheless, EYS is built upon enrolment rates. EYS is a measure of the number of years of schooling a child at the start of his or her education is expected to receive, if current rates of enrolment are maintained throughout the child’s life13. The advantages of using this indicator are that it represents a measure which takes into account both stock and flow dimensions of the school system and it does not require standardisation in comparing countries or societies with distinct age structures. The indicator is intended to represent knowledge accumulation under the formal school system where higher value of EYS is believed to denote higher accumulated knowledge.

For Assam, the estimated EYS is found to be 11.85 years15. This indicates that, on an average, given the present enrolment pattern in the state, a child is expected to complete at least the secondary level when he or she starts going to school. There are, however, many divides. The EYS in rural areas is found to be 11.80 which is less than the EYS of 12.20 estimated in urban areas. The EYS for males is found to be 11.72 against that of females which is 11.99. Similar divides are also noticed across religious and social categories.

District level estimates reveal that EYS in the state varies in the range 10.98 to 12.57. The lowest if found in Hailakandi (10.98) and the highest is found in Chirang (12.57). Similarly, tea garden areas and areas with multiple diversities have relatively low EYS compared to other spatial diversity categories.

Per Capita Income 

Income per capita is considered as an ‘indirect’ indicator of human development. The first HDR of UNDP (1990) observes that an indicator of ‘command over resources needed for a decent living’ requires data on access to land, credit, income and other sources. However, there is a dearth of reliable data covering all these aspects. Since data on GDP per capita are widely available, this indicator is taken to represent the income dimension of human development. In 2010, instead of GDP per capita, Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is taken as the indicator. For allowing cross-country comparison, the GNI per capita of the countries was adjusted by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) ratios.

However, income has the peculiar property of having diminishing contribution to human development as income rises. Therefore, income needs ‘treatment’ to reflect such a feature and, over the last two decades, various treatments have been applied in HDRs16. The 2010 method uses logarithmic transformation over income values to reflect this property. As income rises, a marginal change in logarithmic transformation of income declines giving lower weights to higher income.

In a state HDR, ideal replacement for GNI per capita is taken to be the Net District Domestic Product (NDDP) measured in constant prices. However, since NDDPs are district aggregates, the underlying distribution is not known. To make the indicator consistent with inequality measures, instead of NDDP the average per capita annual income estimates of the districts obtained from the HDR survey are used in the report. This also allows other disaggregation. It has been found that the estimated Per Capita Annual Income (PCAI) from the household level data fairly match the latest (2012-13) data on NDDP (2004-05 prices) for the districts. There are obvious gaps in PCAI in rural and urban sectors. The average PCAI in rural areas is only about 40 per cent of that of the urban areas (INR 22,087 in rural against INR 56,157 in urban areas). It could further be found that the average PCAI of Christians (INR 16,068) is the lowest followed by Muslims (INR 18,228). The average PCAI of Hindus is found as INR 28,092. A similar income gap prevails amongst different social categories as well. The average PCAI of STs is the lowest (INR. 21,445) compared to that of other social categories.

District wise, the highest PCAI was found in Kamrup (Metro) (INR 63,444) followed by Jorhat (INR 38,664). The lowest PCAI was obtained in Hailakandi (INR 16,632) followed by Dhubri (INR 16,336). In general, it is found that low PCAIs in border areas, areas with multiple spatial diversities and amongst religious minorities are major downward factors in the income dimension.

It could also be found that the average PCAI in all spatial diversity categories is lower than the state average. The average PCAI is found to be the lowest in border and hill blocks.

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HDI across the Districts of Assam

The HDI is a composite index derived on the basis of dimensional achievements in health, education and income. The HDIs are estimated for the districts19 based on the UNDP’s new method (2010). The index presents the status of human development in the districts. The values of HDI represent how much progress the people have made in overall human development given the pattern of dimensional achievements in the district and the normative goal of capability expansion. The values of the index range between 0 and 1 – where 0 implies no progress made and 1 signifies complete achievement with regard to the normative goals set for the purpose of assessment.

The present report estimates the value of HDI for the state as a whole at 0.557. This tells us that given the desired normative goal, the present level of progress in overall human development in the state is just a little beyond the halfway mark. The highest attainment is observed in Kamrup (M) and the lowest in Hailakandi. In 15 of 27 districts, the average level of achievement in human development is found to be more than the state average.

It could also be seen that, in general, educational achievement is the main driver of overall human development in the state and districts. However, in certain districts, namely, Dima Hasao, Kamrup, Barpeta, Chirang, Karbi Anglong, Goalpara and Marigaon, achievements in the health dimension have contributed substantially to overall human development. Contrary to this, barring the district of Kamrup(M), achievements in the income dimension have remained relatively lower limiting the improvement in overall human development. Further, the PCAI and values of HDI across the districts indicate a clear positive correlation. Therefore, improving the HDI requires ensuring income and livelihood of people across the state. Income and employment, thus, emerge as the most significant policy variable for enhancing overall human development in the state. This is, however, not to undermine the significance of the other two dimensions of human development in the state.

Assam’s Human Development - compared to the neighbouring region

The estimated value of HDI indicating the present status of human development in Assam is found to be 0.557. It may be mentioned that according to the global HDR (2014), the value of HDI for India is 0.586. Therefore, the present report puts Assam in the band of medium human development states. It may further be mentioned that the HDIs of neighbouring countries of Bhutan and Bangladesh are also in the same band.

The National HDR, 2011 provides the value of HDI for the state as 0.44421. This marks an improvement of 15 per cent point over the HDI value of 0.386 for the state given in the National HDR 200122. The comparative picture of the human development outcome in 2011 indicates that Assam’s achievement falls within the category of low HDI in the country. Besides, the Assam HDR 2003 estimated the HDI for Assam at 0.40723.

Conclusion

Human development in Assam remains about half way in relation to the desired level. The dimensional achievements differ district wise as well as important diversity wise, that is, spatial, demographic and sector wise. The differential achievements in human development observed in the districts, thus, need to be accounted for these diversities within the districts. Improving income and health emerges as the most critical policy concern. Gainful employment thus assumes the central place in the human development strategy in the state.

Inequalities in opportunity with regard to health, education and income have been pervasive and these result in considerable loss in potential development achievements in the state. The distinct divides in achievements, therefore, are to be bridged to improve overall human development in the state.

Notwithstanding this, the various processes of service delivery and governance have significant impact over levels of achievements and those need to be set right for better development outcomes. All these hint at major policy directions in terms of addressing multi-dimensional deprivation and inequality in the state.

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Rivers and Drainage System of Assam (APSC Assam Geography Notes)

Rivers and Drainage System of Assam : Assam Geography Study Materials & Notes

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The State of Assam comprised of two valleys namely the Brahmaputra and Barak. The geographical area of Assam is 78,438.00 Sq. Km out of which 56,194.00 Sq. Km and 22,244.00 Sq. Km fall under the Brahmaputra and Barak Valley including 2 (Two) hill districts respectively. The flood prone area of the state is 31,500.00 Sq Km, which is about 39.58 % of the total area of the state and 9.40% of total flood prone area of the whole India.

River System of Assam

A) Brahmaputra river system

The main river of the valley, Brahmaputra is one of the largest rivers in the world and is a trans-boundary river which flows through China, India and Bangladesh. With 3,848 km in length, it is the 15th longest and tenth largest river in the world by discharge.

The river originates from the Kailalsh ranges of Himalayas at an elevation of 5300 M. After flowing through Tibet it enters India through Arunachal Pradesh and flows through Assam and Bangladesh as the Jamuna. It merges with the Padma, the popular name of the river Ganges in Bangladesh, and finally the Meghna and from here it is known as Meghna before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.

The river drains the Himalaya east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the Ganga basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai-Bum hills, the northern slopes of the Meghalaya hills, the Assam plains, and the northern portion of Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. Kangchenjunga (8,586 m) is the only peak above 8,000 m, hence is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin.

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The river is often called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river. The lower reaches are sacred to Hindus. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name, as it means “son of Brahma”.

The Brahmaputra is an important river for irrigation and transportation. It is a classic example of a braided river and is highly susceptible to channel migration and avulsion. It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a tidal bore. It is navigable for most of its length. The catchments area of Brahmaputra in Tibet is 2,93,000 Sq. Km; in India and Bhutan is 2,40,000 Sq. Km and in Bangladesh is 47,000 Sq. Km. The Brahmaputra basin extends over an area of 5,80,000 Sq. Km up to its confluence within Bangladesh.

The average width of Brahmaputra is 5.46 Km. The average annual discharge is about 20,000 cumec and average dry season discharge is 4,420 cumec. The river slope is very steep till it enters India. A drop of about 4800 M is achieved in a length at about 1700 Km. This average slope of about 2.82 m/Km in China (Tibet) gets reduced to about 0.1m/Km in Assam valley. Due to this sudden flattening of river slope, the river becomes braided in nature in the Assam valley. During its course in Assam valley from Kobo to Dhubri the river is joined by about 20 (twenty) important tributaries on its North bank and 13 (thirteen) on its South bank. Joining of these tributaries bringing high sediment load activates braiding.

The drainage area lying in India is 1,94,413 sq.km which is nearly 5.9% of the total geographical area of the country. The sub-basin lies in the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya, West Bengal and Sikkim.

The most predominant soil type found in the sub-basin is the red loamy soil and alluvial soil. Other important soil types are sandy, loamy, clayey soils, their combinations and laterite soils. The culturable area of the sub-basin is about 12.15 M. ha which is 6.2% of the culturable area of the country.

Heavy precipitation occurs here from May to September. All its tributaries experience number of flood waves as per rainfall in respective catchments. If the flood of the tributaries coincides with the flood of Brahmaputra, it causes severe problem and devastation. The severity of flood problem of the state has been further aggravated by the acuteness of erosion on both banks of river Brahmaputra and its tributaries. Study reveals that an area of 4.27 Lakh Hectare of the state has been eroded by the rivers since 1950, which is 7.40 % of area of the state. The average annual rate of erosion is 8000.00 Ha. The world’s largest river island Majuli is also under the grip of erosion by river Brahmaputra and about 60 % of its original area has already been engulfed by the river.

The tributaries namely Subansiri, Ronganadi, Dikrong, Buroi, Borgong, Jiabharali, Dhansiri (North) Puthimari, Manas, Beki, Aie, Sonkosh are the main tributaries on the North while the Noadehing, Buridehing, Desang, Dikhow, Bhogdoi, Dhansiri (South), Kopilli, Kulsi, Krishnai, Dhdhnoi, Jinjiran are the main tributaries on the south bank of the river Brahmaputra.

The characteristics of the north bank tributaries are different than that of the south bank tributaries, which may be summarized as below –

The North Bank Tributaries:

  • Have very steep slopes and shallow braided channels for a considerable distance from the foot hills and in some cases right up to the outfall.
  • Have boulder, pebble and coarse sandy beds and carry a heavy silt charge.
  • Generally have flashy floods.

The South bank Tributaries:

  • Have comparatively flatter grades and deep meandering channels almost from the foot hills.
  • Have comparatively low silt charge.

Right Bank Tributaries of the Brahmaputra River

   Rivers

  Length (km)

Subansiri 442
Ranganadi 150
Baroi 64
Bargang 42
Jia Bharali 247
Gabharu 61
Dhansiri 123
Noa-Nadi 75
Nanoi 105
Barnadi 112
Puthimari 190
Pagladiya 197
Manas-Aie-Beki 215
Champamati 135
Gaurang 98
Tipkai 108
Godadhar 50
Balsiri 110

Left Bank Tributaries of the Brahmaputra River

  Rivers   Length (km)
Buridihing 360
Desang 230
Dikhow 200
Jhanji 108
Bhogdoi 160
Dhansiri 352
Kopili 297
Krishna 81
 Kulsi 93
Jinari 60
Barak River system

Barak is the second largest river system in Assam as well as in North East. The river with a total length of 900 km from source to mouth drains an area of 52,000 sq. km. The Barak is also a perennial river of the state.

It originates from Japvo mountain of Manipur hills at an altitude of 3,015 m, near the border of Manipur and Nagaland and forms a part of the northern boundary of the Manipur State with Nagaland where it is known as Kirong. Then it flows south through mountainous terrain up to Tipaimukh near the tri-junction of the three states: Assam, Manipur and Mizoram. Here, the river takes a hairpin bend and debouches into the plains of Cacher district of Assam and forms the border of Assam and Manipur states up to Jirimat. The river then flows through the Barak valley of Assam and then it enters Bangladesh where it forks into the Surma and Kushiyara rivers. From the source to the Indo-Bangladesh border, the Barak River flows for 564 km.

The local rainfall run off of the valley along with that of adjacent hilly areas flows through river Barak and its various tributaries and is drained out to Bangladesh. The Katakhal, Jiri, Chiri, Modhura, Longai, Sonai, Rukni and Singla are the main tributaries of the valley. The tributaries are mainly rain fed and cause flood problems when precipitation occurs.

The Barak sub-basin drains areas in India, Bangladesh and Burma. The drainage area lying in India is 41723 sq.km which is nearly 1.38% of the total geographical area of the country. It is on the north by the Barail range separating it from the Brahmaputra sub-basin, on the east by the Na Lushai hills and on the south and west by Bangladesh. The sub-basin lies in the States of Meghalaya. Manipur, Mizoram, Assam, Tripura and Nagaland.

There are two major physiographic regions in the sub-basin, namely, the hilly region and the plain plains are thickly populated and extensively cultivated. The predominant soil types found in the sub-basin are laterite and red and yellow soils. The culturable area in the sub-basin 0.893 M-ha which is only about 0.5% of the culturable area of the country.

Some important north bank tributaries of Barak River

Jiri
Siri
Madhura
Jatinga
Larang

Some important south bank tributaries of Barak River

Sonai
Ghagra
Katakhal
Dhaleswari
Singla
Longai
Statewise Drainage Area of Barak River
  • Meghalaya – 10,650  Km2
  • Manipur 9,550  Km2
  • Mizoram 8,280  Km2
  • Assam 7,224  Km2
  • Tripura 4,725  Km2
  • Nagaland 728  Km2

Total Drainage Area of Barak Basin- 41,157  Km2

Hydropower Potential – The Hydro power Potential at 60% load factor for Barak River is 3908 MW.

Major Projects – Tipaimukh Dam Project, Tista Champamati and Dhansiri barrages.

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