Assam Current Affairs – August 10-12, 2024

Assam and NE  Current Affairs & GK- August 10-12, 2024

(Covers all important Current Affairs & GK topics for August 10-12, 2024)

Five Assamese movies Shines at 70th National Film Awards

Five Assamese movies Shines at 70th National Film Awards. Three films from Assam bagged Rajat Kamal and two other films from the state got certificates of special mention at the 70th National Film Awards for the year 2024. 

Key Points

Emuthi Puthi (A very fishy trip), produced by Metanormal Motion Pictures Pvt. Ltd. and directed by Kulanandini Mahanta, bagged the Rajat Kamal Award as the best Assamese film. 

  • Sikaisal (if only trees could talk) also bagged the Rajat Kamal Award as the best Tiwa film.
  • Xunyota (void) also got the Rajat Kamal Award as the best short film (up to 30 minutes). 
  • Two other non-feature category films from Assam—Birubala ‘Witch to Padmashri’ produced by Aimee Baruah Production Society and directed by Aimee Baruah and 
  • Hargila—The Greater Adjutant Stork, produced by PI Entertainment and directed by Partha Sarathi Mahanta—got certificates of special mention.

MEA and NSIL sign MoU for grant assistance for the launch of Munal satellite

An MoU was signed between India’s Ministry of External Affairs and NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) to launch Nepal’s Munal satellite.

About Munal satellite

  • Munal Satellite is an indigenous satellite developed in Nepal, under the aegis of NAST. APN, a Nepali space startup, has assisted Nepali students in the design and fabrication of this satellite. 
  • The satellite aims to build a vegetation density database of the Earth’s surface. 
  • This satellite is expected to be launched soon on NSIL’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle.

Largest-ever Kashmiri folk dance at ‘Kashur Riwaaj’ cultural festival

Youth of Jammu and Kashmir’s Baramulla district created a world record by registering their names to the Universal Records Forum (URF) for the largest-ever Kashmiri folk dance performed by 10,000 young women at the ‘Kashur Riwaaj’ cultural festival. 

About the festival

  • The mega event was organised by the Dagger Division of Chinar Corps in collaboration with Baramulla District Administration and Indrani Balan Foundation (IBF).
  • This was the largest-ever Kashmiri Folk Dance performed by 10,000 young women at Kashur Riwaaj Cultural Fest on the occasion of the 78th Independence Day.
  • The festival took place at Prof. Showkat Ali Indoor Stadium to showcase the vibrant traditions of Kashmir through traditional dances, music, calligraphy and cultural activities.

Aman Sehrawat clinches 57kg wrestling bronze at Paris 2024 Olympics

Aman Sherawat won a bronze medal in the men’s 57kg freestyle event at the Paris 2024 Olympics. 

Aman holds the distinction of being the youngest Indian to win an Olympic medal at just 21 years. It is India’s fifth bronze and sixth overall medal from the Paris Olympics 2024. 

Aman’s career has been marked by a series of impressive accomplishments. His significant achievement came in 2022 when he became the first Indian wrestler to secure a gold medal at the U23 Wrestling World Championships. 

This victory set the stage for further success, including gold medals at the U23 Asian Championships and the Senior Asian Championships in 2023.

In addition to his gold medals, Aman’s consistent performances in various ranking series events have demonstrated his skill and determination. His medal haul includes victories at the 2024 Ranking Series in Zagreb and the Polyak Imre & Varga Janos Memorial, as well as podium finishes in prestigious tournaments like the Yasar Dogu and Dan Kolov & Nikola Petrov events.


India’s First Grain ATM Launched in Odisha

India’s first round-the-clock grain ATM was opened at Mancheswar in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. This initiative is known as Annapurti Grain ATM which is designed and developed by the World Food Programme India.

About Grain ATM: 

  • This initiative would simplify the process for beneficiaries to access their entitled food grains; anyone with a Public Distribution System ration card valid in India, regardless of the State and Union Territory, can access their entitlement.
  • This user-friendly system ensures that beneficiaries can access their full ration of food grains without any complications.
  • It can dispense grain up to 50 kilograms in five minutes 24 hours a day, reducing waiting time by 70 percent. 
  • It is an automated multi-commodity dispensing solution that provides fast, clean and precise access to commodities (rice, wheat, grains) to beneficiaries, post biometric authentication.
  • It will dispense rice or wheat 24/7, providing a reliable and consistent source of food for the state’s residents.

Chhattisgarh Establishes India’s Third Largest Tiger Reserve

Chhattisgarh has recently approved the creation of the Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve, due to the recent plunge in its tiger population.

About Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve 

  • Guru Ghasidas National Park and the Tamor Pingla Sanctuary, located in the districts of Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur, Koriya, Surajpur, and Balrampur, to form the new reserve.
  • It is Chhattisgarh’s fourth tiger reserve, following Indravati, Udanti-Sitanadi, and Achanakmar.  
  • It aims to bolster conservation efforts and provide a protected habitat for tigers, thereby promoting eco-tourism and creating employment opportunities for local communities. 
  • It would promote eco-tourism and create employment opportunities for local communities.

Declining Population of Tigers 

  • According to a National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) report released in July 2023, Chhattisgarh’s tiger population dropped from 46 in 2014 to just 17 in 2022. 
  • The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change highlighted this concerning trend in a 2023 statement, noting that states like Mizoram, Nagaland, Jharkhand, Goa, Chhattisgarh, and Arunachal Pradesh have reported worrisome declines in their small tiger populations.

About NTCA: 

  • The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.
  • It was set up under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 which was amended in 2006, for strengthening tiger conservation.
  • It works on protecting habitats, stopping poaching, and involving communities.
  • It works with different states to improve monitoring.

IIT Indore develops e-shoes for live location tracking

IIT Indore has created advanced shoes incorporating Tribo-Electric Nanogenerator (TENG) technology, which generates electricity from human motion and integrates GPS for real-time location tracking.

Key Points

  • The shoes are designed to improve safety and coordination among soldiers by providing real-time location data and power for essential devices. 
  • They offer the ability to analyze athletes’ movements, potentially enhancing performance. 
  • These shoes can be beneficial for monitoring movement of  Alzheimer’s patient’s, tracking school children, and managing factory worker attendance. 
  • The first set of 10 pairs of these high-tech shoes has been sent to the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) for testing and evaluation. This project is led by Professor Suhas Joshi at IIT Indore, with support from Professor I A Palani, demonstrating the institution’s dedication to developing cutting-edge technology.

India Names Three Underwater Structures in Indian Ocean

India has successfully proposed names for three underwater geographical structures located in the Indian Ocean. These are the Ashoka Seamount, Chandragupt Ridge, and Kalpataru Ridge. 

These names were proposed by India and approved by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC).

Key Facts About the Underwater Structures

Previously Named Structures: 

  • Raman Ridge (1992): Named after the famous physicist Sir CV Raman. 
  • Panikkar Seamount (1993): Honoring oceanographer NK Panikkar. 
  • Sagar Kanya Seamount (1991): Named after the Indian research ship. 
  • Wadia Guyot (1993): Recognizing geologist DN Wadia.

Recently named Structures 

  • Ashoka Seamount: Discovered in 2012 by a Russian research ship called Akademik Nikolay Strakhov, this underwater mountain covers about 180 square kilometers.
  • Chandragupt Ridge: Found in 2020 by the Indian research ship MGS Sagar, this ridge is elongated and oval-shaped, stretching across 675 square kilometers. 
  • Kalpataru Ridge: Also discovered in 2012 by the Akademik Nikolay Strakhov, this ridge covers 430 square kilometers and might serve as a habitat and food source for marine life.

Significance of Discoveries: These structures contribute to understanding marine life habitats and offer insights into the geological and biological processes of the Indian Ocean.

 

Important Historical Monuments of India – Notes for APSC, ADRE & other Assam Govt job exams

Important Historical Monuments of India – GK Notes for APSC, ADRE & other Assam Govt job exams

Assam History Assamexam

Monuments of India portray tradition and diverse cultural brilliance. They are spread across the length and breadth of the country. Historical monuments act as authentic shielding pillars of remarkable artistic mastery. India is rich in civilisation, heritage establishments, royal abodes, and sanctuaries.

Some of the most famous monuments of India include the Red Fort, Konark Sun Temple, Taj Mahal, Golconda Fort, Gateway of India, Golden Temple, India Gate, Ellora and Ajanta Caves, Group of Monuments at Mamallapuram, Qutab Minar, etc.

Monuments are structures or buildings well-known for their culture and architectural legacy. They are long-lasting and popular emblems of Indian history as they depict political and historical information about them.

 

Monuments of India

Built by

Year/Century

Place

Agra Fort

Akbar

1573 AD

 

Agra (UP)

Agra city

Sikandar Lodi

Aram Bagh

Babur

1528 AD

Tomb of Itmad-Ud-Daula

Noor Jahan

1628 AD

Jama Masjid

Shah Jahan

1648 AD

Shish Mahal

Shahjahan

1632 AD

Taj Mahal

Shahjahan

1653 AD

Fatehpur Sikri

Jodha Bai Palace

Birbal Palace

Panch Mahal

Buland Darwaza

Akbar

16th century

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Akbar’s Tomb

Akbar and his son Jahangir

1613 AD

Sikandra, Agra (UP)

Deewan-E- Khas

Shahjahan

Agra Fort, Agra (UP)

Moti Masjid

Shahjahan

1635 AD

Anand Bhawan

Motilal Nehru

1930 AD

Allahabad, (UP)

Bada Imambara

Asaf-ud-daula

1785 AD

Lucknow (UP)

Chhota Imambara

Muhammad Ali Shah

Jantar Mantar

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II

1724-1738 AD

Mathura (UP)

Jantar Mantar

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II

1724-1739 AD

Varanasi (UP)

Rock cut temple

Mahendravarman-I

8th century

Mamallapuram (Tamil Nadu)

Shore temple

Narasimhavarman-II

8th century

Kailasanathar Temple

Narasimhavarman-II

685-705 AD

Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu)

Airavatesvara Temple

Rajaraja I

12th century

Darasuram (Tamil Nadu)

Brihadeshwara Temple

Rajaraja Chola I

1010 AD

Tanjore (Tamil Nadu)

Gangaikondacholapuram

Rajendra I

12th century

Gangaikonda cholapuram (Tamil Nadu)

Saint George Fort

East India Company

1644 AD

Chennai (Tamil Nadu)

Meenakshi Temple

Madurai, Tamil Nadu

Adhai Din Ka Jhopra

Qutubuddin Aibak

1192 AD

Ajmer (Rajasthan)

Dargah Ajmer Sharif

Sultan Shyasuddin

Hawa Mahal

Maharaja Pratap Singh

1799 AD

Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Nahargarh Fort

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II

1734 AD

Jaigarh Fort

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II

1726 AD

Vijaya Stambha

Maharana Kumbha

1448 AD

Chittorgarh (Rajasthan)

Dilwara Jain Temple

Vimal Shah

1582 AD

Mount Abu (Rajasthan)

Bharatpur Fort

Raja Surajmal Singh

19th century

Bharatpur (Rajasthan)

Amber Fort

Man Singh I

1592 AD

Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Jantar Mantar

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II

1724-1736 AD

Mehrangarh Fort

Rao Jodha

1460 AD

Jodhpur (Rajasthan)

Jantar Mantar

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II

1724-1737 AD

Ujjain (MP)

Khajuraho Temples

Chandelas

950-1050 AD

MP

Char Minar

Quli Qutub Shah

1591 AD

Hyderabad (Telangana)

Macca Masjid

Quli Qutub Shah

1694 AD

Golconda Fort

Qutub Shahi rulers

16th century

Shri Venkateswara Temple

Andhra Pradesh

Ajanta Caves

Gupta rulers

4-10th century

Aurangabad (Maharashtra)

Bibi Ka Maqbara

Aurangzeb

1661 AD

Ellora Caves

Rashtrakuta rulers

6-10th century

Maharashtra

Elephanta Caves

Rashtrakuta rulers

5-9 century

Mumbai (Maharashtra)

Gateway of India

British Govt.

20th century

Vikramasila Monastery

Dharma Pala

8th century

Bihar

Nalanda University

Kumargupta I

Shershah’s Tomb

Shershah’s son

1545 AD

Sasaram (Bihar)

Purana Qila

Shershah Suri

16th century

Delhi

Safdar Jung Tomb

Shuja-ud-Daula

1754 AD

Qutub Minar

Qutubuddin Aibak

1193 AD

Alai Darwaza

Alauddin Khiliji

1311 AD

Hauz Khas

Alauddin Khilji

Ferozshah Kotla

Ferozshan Tughlaq

Khirki Masjid

Ghyasuddin Tughlaq

1354 AD

Humayun’s Tomb

Empress Bega Begum

1533 AD

Jama Masjid

Shahjahan

1656 AD

Red Fort

Shahjahan

1639 AD

Moti Masjid

Aurangzeb

1660 AD

Delhi Fort, Delhi

Jantar Mantar

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II

1724-1735 AD

New Delhi

India Gate

Edwin Lutyens (Architect)

Lal Bagh

Hyder Ali

1760 AD

Bengaluru (Karnataka)

Gol Gumbaz (largest dome in India)

Muhammad Adil Shah

1656 AD

Bijapur, Karnataka

Hampi Monuments

Karnataka

Swarna Mandir (Golden Temple)

Guru Ram Das with the fifth, Guru Arjan

1577 AD

Amritsar (Punjab)

Shantiniketan

Rabindra Nath Tagore

19th century

West Bengal

Victoria Memorial

British Govt.

1921 AD

Kolkata (West Bengal)

Sun Temple

Narsimhadeva I

1250 AD

Konark (Odisha)

Jagannath Temple

Anantvarman Ganga

1161 AD

Puri (Odisha)

Shalimar Garden

Jahangir

1619 AD

Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir)

 

Sabarmati Ashram

Mahatma Gandhi

Gujarat

Ahmadabad

Ajanta- Ellora Caves

Gupta rulers

Maharashtra

Aurangabad

Ajmer Sharif Dargah

Sultan Shyasuddin

Rajasthan

Ajmer

Jodhpur Fort

Rao Jodha

Jodhpur

Belur Math

Swami Vivekananda

West Bengal

Kolkata

Victoria Memorial

British Govt.

Kolkata

 

State

Monument

Place

Built by

Bihar

 

Golghar

Patna

British Govt.

Pathar Ki Masjid

Patna

Pervez Shah

Sher Shah’s Tomb

Sasaram

Mir Muhammad Aliwal Khan

Vishnupad Temple

Gaya

Rani Ahilyabai

 

Delhi

 

Feroz Shah Kotla

Delhi

Ferozshan Tughlaq

Hauz Khas

Delhi

Alauddin Khilji

Humayun Tomb

Delhi

Empress Bega Begum

Jama Masjid

Delhi

Shahjahan

Jantar-Mantar

Delhi

Sawai Jai Singh

Lakshmi Narayan Temple

Delhi

Birla Family

Moti Masjid

Delhi

Aurangzeb

President House

Delhi

British Govt.

Qutub Minar

Delhi

Qutubuddin Aibak

Red Fort

Delhi

Shahjahan

Safdarjung Tomb

Delhi

Shuja-ud-daula

Gujarat

Sabarmati Ashram

Ahmadabad

Mahatma Gandhi

 

Nishat Garden

Srinagar

Asaf Ali

Shalimar Garden

Srinagar

Jahangir

Karnataka

Gol Gumbaz

Bijapur

Yaqut of Dabul

 

Maharashtra

 

Ajanta- Ellora Caves

Aurangabad

Gupta rulers

Bibi Ka Maqbara

Aurangabad

Aurangzeb

Elephanta Cave

Mumbai

Rashtrakuta rulers

Gateway Of India

Mumbai

British Govt.

Kanheri Fort

Mumbai

Buddhists

 

Odisha

Jagannath Temple

Puri

Anantavarman Ganga

Sun Temple

Konark

Narasimhadeva I

Punjab

Golden Temple

Amritsar

Guru Ramdas

 

Bharatpur Fort

Bharatpur

Raja Surajmal Singh

Dilwara Jain Temple

Mount Abu

Siddharaja

Hawa Mahal

Jaipur

Maharaja Pratap Singh

Jaigarh Fort

Jaipur

Sawai Jai Singh

Jodhpur Fort

Jodhpur

Rao Jodha

Nahargarh Fort

Jaipur

Sawai Jai Singh

Vijaya Stambha

Chittorgarh

Maharana Kumbha

Tamil Nadu

Saint George Fort

Chennai

East India Company

 

Telangana

 

Char- Minar

Hyderabad

Quli Qutub Shah

Makka Masjid

Hyderabad

Quli Qutub Shah

 

UP

 

Agra Fort

Agra

Akbar

Anand Bhawan

Allahabad

Motilal Nehru

Deewan-E- Khas

Agra Fort

Shahjahan

Fatehpur Sikri

Agra

Akbar

Moti Masjid

Agra

Shahjahan

Shish Mahal

Agra

Shahjahan

Taj Mahal

Agra

Shahjahan

 

 

West Bengal

 

Shantiniketan

West Bengal

Rabindranath Tagore

Victoria Memorial

Kolkata

British Govt.

 

The important monuments of India are designed and nurtured by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). To conclude, UP has the highest number of monuments (741), whereas Manipur has the lowest (1).

Important Monuments in Assam & North-East India states

Assam

55

Tripura

8

Mizoram

8

Meghalaya

8

Arunachal Pradesh

5

Nagaland

4

Sikkim

3

Manipur

1

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Important Acts during British Rule in India (1773-1858) – APSC Indian History Notes

Important Acts during British Rule in India (1773-1858)

Indian History Notes for APSC, UPSC & other Exams

Go to History Notes & Study Materials Page

 

British East India Company, established as a trading company in 1600, transformed into a ruling body in 1765. Only after the Battle of Buxar, the company got the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa regions and gradually, it started interfering in Indian affairs. The period from 1765-72 saw duality in the system of government where the Company had the authority but no responsibility. The company was collecting excessive revenue and this led to oppression of peasantry. There was rampant corruption among employees of the company. The British government decided to regulate the British East India Company with a gradual increase in laws. The company rule ended in 1858 in the aftermath of the Revolt of 1857. Since then, the British Parliament took over the responsibility of administering India.

 

Important Acts introduced by British India Govt between 1773 and 1858

Regulating Act, 1773
  • First step taken by the British government to control and regulate the affairs of East India Company. It recognized for the first time, the political and administrative functions of the company and laid the foundation of central administration in India.
  • Through this act, for the first time, the British cabinet was given the right to exercise control over Indian affairs.
  • This act permitted the company to retain its territorial possessions in India but sought to regulate the activities and functioning of the company.
  • The Act changed the post of Governor of Bengal to “Governor-General of Bengal”. Warren Hastings was made the first Governor-General of Bengal.
  • The administration in Bengal was to be carried out by the governor-general and a  Governor-Executive General’s Council consisting of 4 members was established.
  • Centralizing administration started from this act. It made the governors of Madras and Mumbai presidencies subordinate to the Governor-General of Bengal.
  • A Supreme Court of judicature was to be established in Bengal along with appellate jurisdictions where all subjects could seek redressal. It comprised one chief justice and three other judges. In 1774, the Supreme Court was created as the Apex Court in Calcutta.
  • It barred the servants of the company from engaging in private trade and accepting bribes. Court of directors of EIC were required to report on revenue, civil and military affairs in India.
Amending Act of 1781
  • The act was primarily passed to rectify the defects associated with the regulating act.
  • Jurisdiction of the Supreme court was restricted just to Calcutta.
  • Civil servants working in their official capacity, revenue collectors, judicial officers were exempted from the jurisdiction of the court.
  • Under the Regulating Act, the Governor General in Council was empowered to issue rules, ordinances and regulations but they were to be registered in the Supreme Court.
  • The key provision of this Act was to demarcate the relations between the Supreme Court and the Governor-General in Council. It was the first attempt in India towards separation of the executive from the judiciary by defining the respective areas of jurisdiction. 
Pitt’s India Act, 1784
  • It established the dual system of control by the British government and the East India Company. The Company became a subordinate department of the State and its territories in India were termed ‘British possessions’.
  • British government was given the supreme control over Company’s affairs and its administration in India
  • The Court of Directors was in charge of the company’s economic activities, while the Board of Control was in charge of the company’s political concerns.
  • A Board of Control was formed to exercise control over the Company’s civil, military and revenue affairs.
  • The council of governor-general was reduced to three members including the commander-in-chief. In 1786, Lord Cornwallis was granted the power of both the governor-general and the commander-in-chief.
  • In Madras and Bombay, Governor’s Councils were constituted.
Charter Act, 1813
  • Napoleonic wars and the miseries it caused prompted the English traders to pressurize the government to end the monopoly in trade that EIC enjoyed. This demand was particularly in view of loss of trade due to the Continental System of Napoleon Bonaparte who sought to cripple England commercially.
  • It edded Company’s Monopoly, the Company was deprived of its commercial monopoly and ‘the undoubted sovereignty of the Crown’ over the possessions of the East India Company was laid down. 
  • British merchants were allowed to trade in India under a strict licensing system under the Charter Act of 1813. But, the company was allowed to enjoy the monopoly of trade with China and trade in tea and opium.
  • The Crown’s control over British colonies in India was asserted by this Act.
  • A sum of Rs.1,00,000 annually was provided for the revival of literature, encouragement of learned Indian natives and promotion of scientific knowledge among the Indians. This was the first step towards acceptance of the principle of State responsibility for education.
  • The company’s rule was extended to another 20 years.
  • The act permitted Christian missionaries to propagate English and preach their religion.
Charter Act, 1833
  • The lease of 20 years provided to the Company (under Charter Act, 1813) for the possession of territories and the revenue collection was further extended. However, the Company’s monopoly over trade with China and in tea ended.
  • EIC’s commercial activities were ended, and it was converted into an administrative body.
  • All restrictions on European immigration and the acquisition of property in India were lifted which paved the way for the wholesale European colonisation of India.
  • The post name of Governor-General of Bengal was converted into “Governor-General of India”. He was given the power to superintend, control and direct all civil and military affairs of the Company. It deprived the governor of Bombay and Madras to make laws. All law making powers now vested with the Governor-General of India. All revenues were raised under his authority and he had complete control over the expenditure too. 
  • William Bentinck became the first Governor-General of India.
  • A Law Commission was established under this act for the consolidation and codification of Indian Laws. Lord Macaulay was the first chairman of this commission
  • Lord Macaulay was the first to be appointed as the fourth ordinary member to the Governor-General’s Council for India who was to be a legal expert in the making of laws.
Charter Act, 1853
  • The Company’s patronage over the services was dissolved and the Civil services were now thrown open to a competitive examination.
  • Local representation was introduced in the legislative wing which came to be known as the Indian Legislative Council. However, promulgation of a law required the assent of the governor-general who could veto any Bill of the legislative council.
  • It provided for the separation of executive and legislative functions of the Governor-General’s legislative Council.
  • The Act provided for the appointment of a separate governor for the Bengal Presidency.
  • The Macaulay Committee on Civil Service was appointed in 1854.
Government of India Act, 1858
  • This Act was a resultant of the 1857 Revolt, which had exposed the Company’s limitations in administering under a complex situation.
  • It ended the Company Rule. The dual system introduced by the Pitt’s India Act came to an end and India was to be governed by and in the name of the Crown through a secretary of state and a council of 15.
  • The title of Governor-general of India was replaced with the Viceroy, he was appointed directly by the British government. The first Viceroy of India was Lord Canning.

 

Lord Cornwallis (Governor-General, 1786-93) was the first to bring into existence and organise the civil services. He abolished the District Fauzdari Courts and established circuit courts at Calcutta, Dacca, Murshidabad and Patna. Under the Cornwallis Code:

  • There was a separation of revenue and justice administration.
  • European subjects were also brought under jurisdiction.
  • Government officials were answerable to the civil courts for actions done in their official capacity.
  • The principle of sovereignty of law was established.

 

William Bentinck (Governor-General, 1828-1833) abolished the four Circuit Courts and transferred their functions to the Collectors.

  • He established a Sadar Diwani Adalat and a Sadar Nizamat Adalat at Allahabad for the convenience of the people of Upper Provinces.
  • The English language replaced Persian as the official language of courts.
  • A Civil Procedure Code (1859), an Indian Penal Code (1860) and a Criminal Procedure Code (1861) were prepared as a result of the codification of laws.

 

Indian National Congress Sessions before Independence (Modern History of India) – APSC Notes

Indian National Congress (INC) Sessions before Independence

Indian History Notes for APSC, UPSC & other Exams

 

Go to History Notes & Study Materials Page

Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji and Dinshaw Edulji Wacha. Indian National Congress was founded on 28 December 1885.

Year

Location

President

Importance

1885

Bombay

W C Bonnerjee

1st session attended by 72 delegates

1886

Calcutta

Dadabhai Naoroji

National Congress and National Conference

1887

Madras

Syed Badruddin Tyabji

 

1888

Allahabad

George Yule

First English president

1889

Bombay

Sir William Wedderburn

1890

Calcutta

Feroz Shah Mehta

1891

Nagpur

P. Ananda Charlu

1892

Allahabad

W C Bonnerjee

1893

Lahore

Dadabhai Naoroji

1894

Madras

Alfred Webb

1895

Poona

Surendranath Banerjee

1896

Calcutta

Rahimtullah M. Sayani

National song ‘Vande Mataram’ sung for the first time

1897

Amravati

C. Sankaran Nair

1898

Madras

Ananda Mohan Bose

1899

Lucknow

Romesh Chandra Dutt

1900

Lahore

N G Chandavarkar

1901

Calcutta

Dinshaw E. Wacha

1902

Ahmedabad

Surendranath Banerjee

1903

Madras

Lal Mohan Ghosh

1904

Bombay

Sir Henry Cotton

1905

Benares

Gopal Krishna Gokhale

 

1906

Calcutta

Dadabhai Naoroji

The word ‘Swaraj’ was mentioned for the first time

1907

Surat

Rash Behari Ghosh

Party splits into extremists and moderates

1908

Madras

Rash Behari Ghosh

 

1909

Lahore

Madan Mohan Malaviya

Indian Councils Act, 1909

1910

Allahabad

Sir William Wedderburn

1911

Calcutta

Bishan Narayan Dhar

‘Jana Gana Mana’ sung for the first time

1912

Bankipore (Patna)

Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar

1913

Karachi

Syed Mohammed

1914

Madras

Bhupendra Nath Basu

1915

Bombay

Satyendra Prasanna Sinha

1916

Lucknow

Ambica Charan Mazumdar

Lucknow Pact – joint session with the Muslim League

1917

Calcutta

Annie Besant

First woman president of the INC

1918

Bombay And Delhi

Syed Hasan Imam (Bombay) And Madan Mohan Malaviya (Delhi)

Two sessions were held. First in Bombay in August/September Second in Delhi in December

1919

Amritsar

Motilal Nehru

 

1920

Nagpur

C Vijayaraghavachariar

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1921

Ahmedabad

Hakim Ajmal Khan (acting President For C R Das)

1922

Gaya

C R Das

1923

Kakinada

Maulana Mohammad Ali,

1924

Belgaum

M K Gandhi

1925

Kanpur

Sarojini Naidu

First Indian woman president

1926

Guwahati

S Srinivasa Iyengar

1927

Madras

M A Ansari

1928

Calcutta

Motilal Nehru

All India Youth Congress formed

1929

Lahore

Jawaharlal Nehru

Resolution for ‘Poorna Swaraj.’ Civil Disobedience movement for complete independence to be launched, 26 January to be observed as ‘Independence Day’.

1930

No Session

1931

Karachi

Vallabhbhai Patel

Resolution on fundamental rights and national economic progress. Gandhi-Irwin pact endorsed. Gandhi nominated to represent INC in the second round table conference

1932

Delhi

Amrit Ranchhorddas Seth

1933

Calcutta

Malaviya Was Elected But Mrs Nellie Sengupta Presided

1934

Bombay

Rajendra Prasad

1936

Lucknow

Jawaharlal Nehru

1936

Faizpur

Jawaharlal Nehru

First rural session/first session to be held in a village

1938

Haripura

Subhas Chandra Bose

National Planning Committee set up under Nehru

1939

Tripuri

Subhas Chandra Bose

Bose was elected but had to resign since Gandhi supported Pattabhi Sitaramayya. Rajendra Prasad was appointed

1940

Ramgarh

Abul Kalam Azad

1946

Meerut

Acharya Kripalani

Last session before independence

 

Peasant Revolt of Rangia 1893-94 (Assam History) – APSC Exam Notes

Peasant Revolt of Rangia 1893-94 (Assam & North-East India History) – APSC, UPSC and State Exams Notes

Assam History - Assam Exam

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Peasant Revolt of Rangia 1893-94 – Modern History of Assam

  • The people of Rangia, in the district of Kamrup following the footsteps of the Phulguri peasants very soon lodged their protests, organizing Raij Mels. The cause of their protest was a hundred percent increase in the land revenue.
  • In 1892, Sir William Ward, the Chief Commissioner of Assam, augmented the rates of revenue on land in the new settlement to 70 to 80% and sometime even 100%. Despite the decreasing production rate of crops, there was no respite from the proposed rate of assessment on land. Even going ahead, Colonial apparatus forcibly realized taxes from the impoverished peasantry.
  • Seeing such deplorable and awkward position of the people, the Keyas intensified their exploitation scale. The People also fell in their trap. The people, when finally understood the motives of the Keyas, started to ventilate their grievances not only against the government but also against them which found expression with the looting of the Rangia bazaar by a crowd of 200 to 250 people, mostly of Kacharis, on 24 December, 1893.
  • In the evening of 24 December, when the Peasants returning from Belagaon mel near Rangia, they gutted down the huts at the Rangia bazaar and threatened a Keya shopkeeper that his shop would be looted on 30 December as their presence had increased the revenue burden on land.
  • On 30 December, 1893, there was a massive gathering at Rangia where about 2500 to 3000 people participated. This massive gathering held demonstration all the night and threatened destruction of the Thana, post-office and the tahsildar ‘s bungalow.

  • Threatening of destruction of thana, post-office and the tahsildar ‘s bungalow was taken seriously by the government and armed-police was summoned to stop it but failed completely.
  • On 6th January, 1893, R.B. McCabe, the Deputy Commissioner of Kamrup arrived at Rangia with a Police Party under Padmaram Kachari, the daroga and arrested some persons alleged to have been implicated in the incident of 24 December, 1893. The arrests, however, did not prevent the people from further attacks. On 10 to 17 Jan, 1894, a large crowd of about three thousand gathered at near Rangia Thana. Castes and tribes coming from far-flung villages like Koch, Kalita, Saloi, Kaivarta, Namasudra, Nath, Napit, Sonari, Baishya, Bania, Bodo-Kacharis and Muslims assembled at Kadamtal Pandarthan and took decision and began to march towards Rangia. The tribal farmers along-with their counterparts in other communities took part in it. They, with cries of ‘we won’t pay at the increased rate’ started coming closer to Rangia Thana.
  • They were asked by the Deputy Commissioner to disperse but they refused his order and even dared to release forcibly of their comrades – Praneswar Goswami (Kon), Abhay Choudhury, Kirti Lahkar, Joltiram Kalita, Muktaram Bayan Kalita, Rahmat Khalipha, Parashuram Baro who were detained and locked-up at the time of submitting memorandum to Deputy Commissioner for decrease of the rate of revenue
  • Disobedience of order compelled Me Cabe to open fire on the gatherings which forced them to retreat. In response to the violent outbursts, the Colonial government effected a reign of terror.
  • Finally, notices were issued for the maintenance of peace and hannony and the leaders of the affected areas were appointed as special constables. All licensed guns in Rangia, Barama, Nalbari and Bajali tahsils were seized.
  • McCabe imposed a ban on holding any Mel All the important leaders of the revolt were soon arrested by the police and the revolt lost its edge.

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Differences between Nagara vs Dravidian Style Temple Architecture (Art & Culture of India) – APSC Exam Notes

Differences between Nagara vs Dravidian Style Temple Architecture – Art & Culture Notes for APSC, UPSC & State Exams

 

Major differences between Nagara vs Dravidian Style Temple Architecture

Nagara Style of Temple Architecture

Dravidian Style of Temple Architecture

Temples located in Northern India are classified as Nagara Style.

Temples located in Southern India are classified as Dravidian Style 

Nagara Style has multiple Shikharas

The dravidian style has 1 single Shikhara.

In Nagara Style, there are multiple towers

In Dravidian Style, it is always a single tower.

In Nagara Style, Central Tower is Curvilinear in shape

In Dravidian Style, Central Tower is shaped like a Pyramid

In Nagara style, the most prominent element is the Shikhara

In Dravidian Style, the most prominent element is the Gopuram.

In Nagara Style, at the entrance of Sanctum Sanctorum; Ganga and Yamuna rivers are depicted in personified form

In Dravidian Style, the entrance has Dwarapalas.

In Nagara style, there is not much importance given to the temple boundaries

In this style, temple boundaries are given high importance

In Nagara style, pedestals are higher than the ground.

Pedestals are at ground level in the Dravidian Style.

In Nagara Style, deities are inside

In Dravidian Style, deities are outside.

                                                                                      

Mathura, Sarnath and Gandhara Schools (Ancient History of India) – APSC Exam Notes

Mathura, Sarnath and Gandhara Schools – APSC, UPSC and state Exam Notes

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The first century CE onwards, Gandhara, Mathura in northern India and Vengi in Andhra Pradesh emerged as important centres of art production. Buddha in the symbolic form got a human form in Mathura and Gandhara. The sculptural tradition in Gandhara had the confluence of Bactria, Parthia and the local Gandhara tradition. 

The local sculptural tradition at Mathura became so strong that the tradition spread to other parts of northern India. The best example in this regard is the stupa sculptures found at Sanghol in the Punjab. The Buddha image at Mathura is modelled on the lines of earlier Yaksha images whereas in Gandhara it has Hellenistic features. Images of Vaishnava and Shaiva faiths are also found at Mathura but Buddhist images are found in large numbers. It may be noted that the images of Vishnu and Shiva are represented by their ayudhas/weapons. There is boldness in carving the large images, the volume of the images is projected out of the picture plane, the faces are round and smiling, heaviness in the sculptural volume is reduced to relaxed flesh. The garments of the body are clearly visible and they cover the left shoulder.

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Images of the Buddha, Yakshas, Yakshinis, Shaivite and Vaishnavite deities and portrait statues are profusely sculpted. In the second century CE, images in Mathura get sensual, rotundity increases, they become fleshier. In the third century CE, treatment of sculptural volume changes by reducing the extreme fleshiness, movement in the posture is shown by increasing distance between the two legs as well as by using bents in the body posture. Softness in the surface continues to get refined. The trend continues in the fourth century CE but in the late fourth century CE, the massiveness and fleshiness is reduced further and the flesh becomes more tightened, the volume of the drapery also gets reduced and in the fifth and sixth centuries CE, the drapery is integrated into the sculptural mass. Transparent quality in the robes of the Buddha images is evident. In this period, two important schools of sculptures in northern India are worth noting. The traditional centre, Mathura, remained the main art production site whereas Sarnath and Kosambi also emerged as important centres of art production. 

Many Buddha images in Sarnath have plain transparent drapery covering both shoulders, and the halo around the head has very little ornamentation whereas the Mathura Buddha images continue to depict folds of the drapery in the Buddha images and the halo around the head is profusely decorated.

List of Indus Valley sites in India (Ancient History of India) – APSC Exam Notes

List of Indus Valley Civilization sites in India – APSC, UPSC and state Exam Notes

 

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List of Indus Valley Civilization sites in India

Alamgirpur in Meerut District of Uttar Pradesh, India

Babar Kot, Saurashtra – A stone fortification wall, plant remains of millets & gram.

Balu, Haryana – Earliest evidence of garlic. Several plant remains were found here include various types of barley, wheat, rice, horse gram, green gram, various types of a pea, sesamum, melon, watermelon, grapes, dates, garlic, etc. which is comparable to a nearby IVC site Kunal, Haryana revealed remains of rice.

Banawali, Fatehabad District of Haryana – Barley, terracotta figure of plough

Baror, Sri Ganganagar district of Rajasthan- Human skeleton, ornaments, 5 meter long and 3 meter clay oven, a pitcher filled with 8000 pearls

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Bet Dwarka in Dwarka district, Gujarat- Late Harappan seal, inscribed jar, the mould of coppersmith, a copper fishhook

Bhirrana, Fatehabad District of Haryana – Graffiti of a dancing girl on pottery, which resembles a dancing girl statue found at Mohenjo-Daro

Daimabad, Ahmadnagar District of Maharashtra – A sculpture of a bronze chariot, 45 cm long and 16 cm wide, yoked to two oxen, driven by a man 16 cm high standing in it; and three other bronze sculptures. Southernmost IVC site

Desalpur in Nakhtrana Taluka, Kutch District of Gujarat – Massive stone fortification, Harappan pottery, three script bearing seals; one of steatite, one of copper and one of terracotta.

Dholavira, Kutch District of Gujarat – Water reservoir, Dholavira Figure of chariot tied to a pair of bullocks and driven by a nude human, Water harvesting and number of reservoirs, use of rocks for constructions

Farmana, Rohtak District of Haryana – Largest burial site of IVC, with 65 burials, found in India

Gola Dhoro, kutch district of Gujarat – Production of shell bangles, semi-precious beads, etc.

Hisar mound inside Firoz Shah Palace of Hisar District, Haryana – Unexcavated site

Juni Kuran, Kutch District of Gujarat – fortified citadel, lower town, public gathering area

Jognakhera, Kurukshetra of Haryana – Copper smelting furnaces with copper slag and pot shards

Kaj, Gir Somnath District of Gujarat – Ceramic artifacts, including bowls. Ancient port.

Kanjetar, Gir Somnath District of Gujarat – Single phase Harapppan site.

Kalibangan, Hanumangarh District of Rajasthan- Baked/burnt bangles, fire altars, Shiva Lingam, small circular pits containing large urns and accompanied by pottery, bones of camel

Karanpura near Bhadra city, Hanumangarh district            of Rajasthan – Western mound called citadel           Skeleton of child, terracotta like pottery, bangles, seals similar to other Harappan sites

Khirasara, Kutch district of Gujarat – Ware House, Industrial area, gold, copper, semi-precious stone, shell objects, and weight hoards

Kerala-no-dhoro or Padri in Saurashtra, Gujarat – Salt production centre, by evaporating sea water

Kunal, Fatehabad District      in Haryana      India – Earliest Pre-Harappan site, Copper smelting.

Kuntasi in Rajkot District of Gujarat – Small port

Loteshwar in  Patan District of Gujarat – Ancient archaeological site

Lothal, Ahmedabad District of Gujarat – Bead making factory, dockyard, button seal, fire altars, painted jar, earliest cultivation of rice (1800 BC)

Manda in Jammu & Kashmir            India- northernmost Harappan site in Himalayan foothills

Malwan in Surat District, Gujarat – Southernmost Harappan site in India

Mandi, Muzaffarnagar district of Uttar Pradesh

Mitathal of Bhiwani District in Haryana

Pabumath in Kutch District in Gujarat – A large building complex, unicorn seal, shell bangles, beads, copper bangles, needles, antimony rods, steatite micro beads; pottery include large and medium size jars, beaker, dishes, dish-on-stand, perforated jars etc.; fine red pottery with black painted designs etc.

Rakhigarhi in Hisar District of Haryana – Terrecotta wheels, toys, figurines, pottery. Large site, partially excavated.

Rangpur in Ahmedabad District of Gujarat – Seaport

Sanauli in Baghpat District, Uttar Pradesh – Burial site with 125 burials found

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Shikarpur, Gujarat – Food habit details of Harappans

Surkotada in Kutch District of Gujarat – only site where Bones of a horse were found

Kotada, Kutch District of Gujarat – Fortification bastion few houses foundations

Nageshwar, Kutch District of Gujarat – Shell working site

Foreign travelers who visited India in Medieval Period (Medieval History of India) – APSC Exam Notes

Foreign travelers who visited India in Medieval Period – APSC, UPSC and state Exam Notes

 

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The Indian Sub-continent is one of the earliest civilisations and thus attracted many travellers and scholars since ancient times.

1.Al-Biruni

  • Country: Iran
  • Period of Travel:  1017 AD
  • He travelled to the Indian subcontinent and authored a study of Indian culture Tārīkh al-Hind (History of India) after exploring the Hindu faith practiced in India.
  • Under Reign : Sultan of Muhammad of Ghazni

2. Marco Polo

  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel:  1288-1292 AD
  • Under Reign : Pandya Kingdom

3. Ibn-e-Batuta

  • Countr: Morocco
  • Period of Travel:  1333-1342 AD
  • Under Reign : Mohammad Bin Tughlaq

4. Nicoloi Conti

  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1420-1422 AD
  • Under Reign : Dev Ray I (Vijay Nagar)

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  1. Abdur Razzak-Ambassador
  • Country: Iran
  • Period of Travel: 1442-1443 AD
  • Under Reign : Dev Ray II (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Athnasius Niketin
  • Country: Russia
  • Period of Travel: 1470-1474 AD
  • Under Reign : Mohammad III Bahmani
  • Alberuni’s Description of India
  1. Bartholomu Diaz
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1503-1508 AD
  • Under Reign : Deccan
  1. Eduardo Barbosa
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1516-1518 AD
  • Under Reign : Krishna Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Domingo’s Paes
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1520-1522 AD
  • Under Reign : Krishna Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Nuniz
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1535-1537 AD
  • Under Reign : Achyut Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Anthony Monserrate
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1578-1582 AD
  • Under Reign : Akbar
  1. Ralph Fisch
  • Country: Britain. He was the First English traveller
  • Period of Travel: 1585-1591 AD
  • Under Reign : Akbar
  1. Ceaser Fredriseh
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 16th Century
  • Under Reign : Vijay Nagar
  1. John Linscoten
  • Country: Dutch
  • Period of Travel: 16th Century
  • Under Reign : Vijay Nagar
  1. Lama Taranath
  • Country: Tibet
  • Period of Travel: 16th Century
  • Under Reign : Eastern India
  1. Captain Hawkins
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1613 AD
  • Under Reign :  Jahangir
  1. William Fisch
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1612 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. John Jurdan
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1617 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Nicholos Doughton (English Navy Officer)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1615 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Nicholos Withurgton (English traveller)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1612-1616 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Thomas Coryat (English traveller)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1612-1617 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Sir Thomas Roe (English Ambassador)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1615-1619 AD
  • Under Reign: Jahangir
  1. Pal Canning (English traveller)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1615-1625
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Edward Terry (English Priest)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1616-1619 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Francisco Paelsert (Dutch)
  • Country: Dutch
  • Period of Travel: 1620-1627 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Pietra Della Velle
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1622-1660 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. John Loyatt (Dutch)
  • Country: Dutch
  • Period of Travel: 1626-1633 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan
  1. John Fryer
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1627-1681 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan

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  1. Peter Mundy
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1630-1634 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan
  1. Tavernier (French Jeweller)
  • Country: France
  • Period of Travel: 1641-1687 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan & Aurangzeb
  1. Manucci
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1656-1687 AD
  • Under Reign : Aurangzeb
  1. Bernier
  • Country: France
  • Period of Travel: 1658-1668 AD
  • Under Reign : Aurangzeb
  1. Jean Thevnot
  • Country: France
  • Period of Travel: 1666-1668 AD
  • Under Reign : Aurangzeb

Foreign Trade in Ancient India – APSC Notes

Foreign Trade in Ancient India – Indian History Notes for APSC, UPSC & other Exams

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Foreign Trade in Ancient India

  • Although the volume of trade between India and Rome seems to have been large, it was not carried on it articles of daily use for the commerce people there was a brick commerce in luxury goods.
  • The Romans mainly imported spices for which south India was famous. They imported muslin, pearls, jewels, and precious stones from central and south India. Iron goods, especially cutlery, formed an important item of export to the Roman Empire.
  • Silk was directly sent from China to the Roman Empire through north Afghanistan at Iran. But the establishment of the Parthian rule in Iran and the neighbouring are created difficulties. Therefore silk had to be diverted to the western Indian ports through the north-west part of the subcontinent. Sometimes it also found its way from China to India via the east coast of India. From there was considerable transit trade in silk between India and the Roman empire.
  • The Romans exported to India wine, wine-amphorae and various other types of pottery. Roman writer Pliny, who wrote his account called Natural History in Latin in A.D. 77, believed that Rome was being drained of gold on account of her trade with India. Since the Westerners were very much fond of Indian pepper, it is called yavanpriyai.
  • The concept of the balance of trade may not have been known to the people. But numerous finds of Roman coins and pottery in the peninsula leave no doubt that India was a gainer in its trade with the Roman Empire.
  • The loss of Roman money was felt so much that eventually steps had to be taken Rome to ban its trade with India in pepper and steel goods.
  • Although Roman traders resided in south India, there is little evidence for Indians residing in the Roman Empire.

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Black Pepper was one of the most thing thing imported by Greek traders from Ancient India. In ancient times the people in Central Asia are called as Yavanas in India. They liked the pepper and imports large amount of pepper from India so the pepper is named as Yavana-the people of foreign countries. Priya-they like pepper so it was called as Yavanapriya.