The balance of Payments (BoP) and Balance of Trade (BoT) are two confusing concepts for even economics graduates. These terms are connected with international trade accounting. In this post, we provide a mind-map approach to study Balance of Payments. We hope the same would help in quick understanding and revision.
Balance of Payments (BoP)
• The balance of payments (BoP) record the transactions in goods, services, and assets between residents of a country with the rest of the world for a specified time period typically a year.
• It represents a summation of country’s current demand and supply of the claims on foreign currencies and of foreign claims on its currency.
• There are two main accounts in the BoP – the current account and the capital account.
• Current Account: The current account records exports and imports in goods, trade in services and transfer payments.
• Capital Account: The capital account records all international purchases and sales of assets such as money, stocks, bonds, etc. It includes foreign investments and loans.
• # The IMF accounting standards of the BOP statement divides international transactions into three accounts: the current account, the capital account, and the financial account, where the current account should be balanced by capital account and financial account transactions. But, in countries like India, the financial account is included in the capital account itself.
Filling Current Account Deficit with Foreign Exchange Reserves
A country could also engage in official reserve transactions, running down its reserves of foreign exchange, in the case of a deficit by selling foreign currency in the foreign exchange market. But, official reserve transactions are more relevant under a regime of pegged exchange rates than when exchange rates are floating.
A country is said to be in balance of payments equilibrium when the sum of its current account and its non-reserve capital account equals zero so that the current account balance is financed entirely byinternational lending without reserve movements.
Note: A BOP surplus is accompanied by an accumulation of foreign exchange reserves by the central bank.
Ideally, BoP should be Zero.
From a balance of international payments point of view, a surplus on the current account would allow a deficit to be run on the capital account. For example, surplus foreign currency can be used to fund investment in assets located overseas. Also, if a country has a current account deficit (trade deficit), it will borrow from abroad.
In reality, the accounts do not exactly offset each other, because of statistical discrepancies, accounting conventions and exchange rate movements that change the recorded value of transactions.
BoP Deficit or Surplus
• The decrease (increase) in official reserves is called the overall balance of payments deficit (surplus).
• The balance of payments deficit or surplus is obtained after adding the current and capital account balances.
• The balance of payments surplus will be considered as an addition to official reserves (reserve use).
BoP Crisis
• Countries with current account deficits can run into difficulties. If the deficit is large and the economy is not able to attract enough inflows of foreign investment, then their currency reserves will dwindle.
• There may come a point when the country needs to seek emergency borrowing from institutions such as the International Monetary Fund, that may lead to external debt.
• Countries with deficits in their current accounts will build up increasing debt and/or see increased foreign ownership of their assets.
• BoP crisis is also known as the currency crisis.
Errors and Omissions
Errors and Omissions constitute the third element in the BoP (apart from the current and capital accounts) which is the ‘balancing item’ reflecting our inability to record all international transactions accurately.
BoT vs BoP
• The balance of Trade (BoT) or Trade Balance is a part of the Balance of Payments (BoP). BoT just includes the balance between export and import of goods.
• BoP not only adds the service-trade but also many other components in the current account (Eg: Transfer payments) and capital account (FDI, loans etc).
Rupee Convertibility
Indian rupee is fully convertible only in the current account and not in the capital account.
IMPORTANT POINTS
• If an Indian investor earns interest or dividend in his investment abroad, that will be included in the current account of India.
• If FDI is done by an American company in India, that investment will be accounted in the capital account of India.
• NRI deposits are calculated under Capital Accounts while Private Remittances are calculated under Current Account.
• In general, National Income (Y) = Private Consumption Expenditure (C) + Investment (I) + Government Expenditure (G) + Net Exports (E).
• In a closed economy, Savings (S) = Investment (I).
• In an open economy, Savings (S) = Investment (I) + Net Exports (E)
• OR, Net Exports = Savings – Investment. This is actually the Balance of Trade (Trade Balance).