Important Articles of Indian Constitution – APSC Exam Notes

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Important Articles of Indian Constitution

Indian Polity Notes APSC, UPSC and State Exam Notes

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Indian Constitution was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950.

The original constitution is hand-written, with each page decorated by artists like Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose. Its calligrapher was Prem Behari Narain Raizada.

It originally had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. But in the due course, many other articles and three other parts were added to it by subsequent constitutional amendments. The constitution now has about 450 articles in 25 parts. The Indian constitution is the world’s longest for a sovereign nation.

All the articles are not needed to be remembered but aspirants should have good idea about the nature and salient features of the Indian Constitution. And they must know the most important Articles of the Indian Constitution.

Important Books for Assam General Knowledge 
  Economy of Assam
  Environment & Ecology
  Geography of Assam
  History of Britain
  Assam – Art & Culture
  History of Assam – Ahom and British Period
  History of Assam – Ancient Period

 

Most Important Articles of Indian Constitution

Part I ( Article 1 to Article 4)
  • Article 1- Name and territory of the union.
  • Article 2 – Admission and Establishment of the new state.
  • Article 3 – Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries, and the name of existing states.

 

Part II ( Article 5 to Article 11 )
  • Article 5 – Citizenship at the commencement of the constitution.
  • Article 6- Rights of citizenship of a certain person who has migrated to India from Pakistan.
  • Article 10- continuance of rights of citizenship.
  • Article 11- Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

Part III ( Article 12 to Article 35 )
  • Article 12- Definition of the state
  • Article 13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.
    Originally, the constitution had 7 basic Fundamental Rights, now there are only six rights. Right to property under Article 31 was deleted from the list of fundamental rights by 44th amendment act 1978 and it is made a legal right under Article 300-A.
  • Part III of the Constitution is described as the Magna Carta of India. ‘Magna Carta’, the Charter of Rights issued by King John of England in 1215 was the first written document relating to the Fundamental Rights of citizens. 
  • The Constitution of India provides for six Fundamental Rights: Right to equality (Articles 14–18) Right to freedom (Articles 19–22) Right against exploitation (Articles 23–24) Right to freedom of religion (Articles 25–28) Cultural and educational rights (Articles 29–30) Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32)

 

Important Fundamental Rights

RIGHT TO EQUALITY: Article 14 to Article 18

  • Article 14- Equality before the law.
  • Article 15- Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex. Or place of birth.
  • Article 16- Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
  • Article 17- Abolition of the untouchability.
  • Article 18- Abolition of titles

RIGHT TO FREEDOM: Article 19 to Article 22

  • Article 19 guarantees to all the citizens the six rights
    (a) Right to freedom of speech and expression.
    (b) Right to assemble peacefully and without arms.
    (c) Right to form associations or unions.
    (d) Right to move freely throughout the territory of India.
    (e) Right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India.
    (f) Right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade, and business.
  • Article 20- Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
  • Article 21-Protection of life and personal liberty.
  • Article 21A – Right To Education
  • Article 22- Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.

 

RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION: Article 23 to Article 24

  • Article 23- Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
  • Article 24- Prohibition of employment of children in factories and mines under age of 14.

 

RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION: Article 25 to Article 28

  • Article 25 – Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
  • Article 26 – Freedom to manage religious affairs.
  • Article 27 – Freedom as to pay taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
  • Article 28 – Freedom from attending religious instruction.

 

CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS: Article 29 to Article 30

  • Article 29 – Protection of interest of minorities.
    Article 30 – Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.

 

Right to constitutional remedies : Articles 32 to Articles 35

  • Article 32 – Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
  • These empowers the citizens to move to a court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights.
  • The courts can issue various kinds of writs protecting the rights of the citizens. 
  1. habeas corpus
  2. mandamus
  3. Writ of Prohibition
  4. quo warranto
  5. certiorari
  • This allows a citizen to move to court if they believe that any of their Fundamental Rights have been violated by the State.
  • Dr. B. R. Ambedkar declared the right to constitutional remedies “the heart and soul” of the Indian constitution. 

 

Part IV - Directive Principal of states Policy ( Article 36 to Article 51 )
  • Article 36- Definition
  • Article 37- Application of DPSP
  • Article 39A- Equal justice and free legal aid
  • Article 40- Organisation of village panchayat
  • Article 41- Right to work, to education, and to public assistance in certain cases
  • Article 43- Living Wages, etc. for Workers.
  • Article 43A- Participation of workers in management of industries.
  • Article 44- Uniform civil code.( applicable in Goa only)
  • Article 45- Provision for free and compulsory education for children.
  • Article 46- Promotion of educational and economic interest of scheduled castes, ST, and OBC.
  • Article 47-Duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.
  • Article 48-Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.
  • Article 49- Protection of monuments and places and objects of natural importance.
  • Article 50- Separation of judiciary from the executive.
  • Article 51- Promotion of international peace and security.

Part IVA - Fundamental Duties ( Article 51A )
  • Article 51A – Specifies the Fundamental Duties of every citizen
  • It contains, originally 10 duties, now it contains 11 duties by 86th amendments act 2002.

 

Part V ( Article 52 to Article 151 ) - Union
  • Article 52- The President of India
  • Article 53- Executive Power of the union.
  • Article 54- Election of President
  • Article 61- Procedure for Impeachment of the President.
  • Article 63- The Vice-president of India.
  • Article 64- The Vice-President to be ex-officio chairman the Council of States.
  • Article 66-Election of Vice-president.
  • Article 72-Pardoning powers of President.
  • Article 74- Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President.
  • Article 76- Attorney-General for India.
  • Article 79- Constitution of Parliament
  • Article 80- Composition of Rajya Sabha.
  • Article 81- Composition of Lok Sabha.
  • Article 83- Duration of Houses of Parliament.
  • Article 93- The speakers and Deputy speakers of the house of the people.
  • Article 105- Powers, Privileges, etc of the House of Parliament.
  • Article 109- Special procedure in respect of money bills
  • Article 110- Definition of “Money Bills”.
  • Article 112- Annual Financial Budget.
  • Article 114-Appropriation Bills.
  • Article 123- Powers of the President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of parliament.
  • Article 124- Establishment of Supreme Court.
  • Article 125- Salaries of Judges.
  • Article 126- Appointment of acting Chief justice.
  • Article 127- Appointment of ad-hoc judges.
  • Article 128-Attendance of a retired judge at sitting of the Supreme Court.
  • Article 129- Supreme court to be a court of Record.
  • Article 130- Seat of the Supreme court.
  • Article 136- Special leaves for appeal to the Supreme Court.
  • Article 137- Review of judgement or orders by the Supreme court.
  • Article 141-Decision of the Supreme Court binding on all the courts.
  • Article 148- Comptroller and Auditor- General of India
  • Article 149- Duties and Powers of CAG.

 

Part VI ( Article 152 to Article 237) - States
  • Article 153- Governors of State
  • Article 154- Executive Powers of Governor.
  • Article 161- Pardoning powers of the Governor.
  • Article 165- Advocate-General of the State.
  • Article 213- Power of Governor to promulgate ordinances.
  • Article 214- High Courts for states.
  • Article 215- High Courts to be a court of record.
  • Article 226- Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
  • Article 233- Appointment of District judges.
  • Article 235- Control over Sub-ordinate Courts.

 

Part VII – Article 238 – Repealed

Part VIII – Article 239-242 – Union Territories

 

Part IX ( Article 243 to Article 243 O) - Panchayats
  • Article 243A- Gram Sabha
  • Article 243B- Constitution of Panchayats

 

Part IX-A – 243 P-243 ZG – Municipalities

Part IX-B – 243 ZH-243 ZT- Co-operative Societies

Part X – Scheduled and Tribal Areas -244

Part XI – Center- State Relations 245 – 263

 

Part XII ( Article 264 to Article 300 A) - Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
  • Article 266- Consolidated Fund and Public Accounts Fund
  • Article 267- Contingency Fund of India
  • Article 280- Finance Commission
  • Article 300-A- Right to property.

 

Part XIII ( Article 301 to Article 307) - Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the territories of India
  • Article 301-Freedom to trade, commerce, and intercourse.
  • Article 302- Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse.
  • Part 14: Services Under Center and State (308-323)
  • Article 312- All- India-Service.
  • Article 315- Public service commissions for the union and for the states
  • Article 320- Functions of Public Service Commission.

 

Part XIV-A ( Article 323A to Article 323B) - Tribunals
  • Article 323A- Administrative Tribunals

 

Part XV ( Article 324 to Article 329) - Elections
  • Article 324-Superintendence, direction and control of Elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
  • Article 325- No person to be ineligible for inclusion in or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste, or sex.
  • Article 326- Elections to the house of the people and to the legislative assemblies of states to be on the basis of adult suffrage.

 

Part XVI ( Article 330 to Article 342) - Special Provisions to SC, ST, OBC, Minorities etc
  • Article 338- National Commission for the SC, & ST.
  • Article 340- Appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes.

 

Part XVII ( Article 343 to Article 351) - Official Language
  • Article 343- Official languages of the Union.
  • Article 345- Official languages or languages of states.
  • Article 348- Languages to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts.
  • Article 351-Directive for development of the Hindi languages.

 

Part XVIII ( Article 352 to Article 360) - Emergency
  • Article 352- Proclamation of emergency ( National Emergency).
  • Article 356- State Emergency (President’s Rule)
  • Article 360- Financial Emergency

 

Part XIX ( Article 361 to Article 367) - Miscellaneous
  • Article 361- Protection of President and Governors

 

Part XX – Article 368 – Amendment of Constitution

Part XXI – Article 369 to Article 392 – Special, Transitional and Temporary Provisions

  • Article 370 – Special provision of J&K.
  • Article 371A – Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland
  • Article 371-J: Special Status for Hyderabad-Karnataka region

 

Part XXII – Article 392 to Article 395 – Short Text, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals

  • Article 393 – Short title – This Constitution may be called the Constitution of India.

Article 395 Repeals India Independence Act and Government of India Act, 1935

Important Books for Assam General Knowledge 
  Economy of Assam
  Environment & Ecology
  Geography of Assam
  History of Britain
  Assam – Art & Culture
  History of Assam – Ahom and British Period
  History of Assam – Ancient Period

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