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Important Historical Monuments of India – Notes for APSC, ADRE & other Assam Govt job exams

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Important Historical Monuments of India – GK Notes for APSC, ADRE & other Assam Govt job exams

Assam History Assamexam

Monuments of India portray tradition and diverse cultural brilliance. They are spread across the length and breadth of the country. Historical monuments act as authentic shielding pillars of remarkable artistic mastery. India is rich in civilisation, heritage establishments, royal abodes, and sanctuaries.

Some of the most famous monuments of India include the Red Fort, Konark Sun Temple, Taj Mahal, Golconda Fort, Gateway of India, Golden Temple, India Gate, Ellora and Ajanta Caves, Group of Monuments at Mamallapuram, Qutab Minar, etc.

Monuments are structures or buildings well-known for their culture and architectural legacy. They are long-lasting and popular emblems of Indian history as they depict political and historical information about them.

 

Monuments of India

Built by

Year/Century

Place

Agra Fort

Akbar

1573 AD

 

Agra (UP)

Agra city

Sikandar Lodi

–

Aram Bagh

Babur

1528 AD

Tomb of Itmad-Ud-Daula

Noor Jahan

1628 AD

Jama Masjid

Shah Jahan

1648 AD

Shish Mahal

Shahjahan

1632 AD

Taj Mahal

Shahjahan

1653 AD

Fatehpur Sikri

Jodha Bai Palace

Birbal Palace

Panch Mahal

Buland Darwaza

Akbar

16th century
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Akbar’s Tomb

Akbar and his son Jahangir

1613 AD

Sikandra, Agra (UP)

Deewan-E- Khas

Shahjahan

–

Agra Fort, Agra (UP)

Moti Masjid

Shahjahan

1635 AD

Anand Bhawan

Motilal Nehru

1930 AD

Allahabad, (UP)

Bada Imambara

Asaf-ud-daula

1785 AD

Lucknow (UP)

Chhota Imambara

Muhammad Ali Shah

–

Jantar Mantar

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II

1724-1738 AD

Mathura (UP)

Jantar Mantar

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II

1724-1739 AD

Varanasi (UP)

Rock cut temple

Mahendravarman-I

8th century

Mamallapuram (Tamil Nadu)

Shore temple

Narasimhavarman-II

8th century

Kailasanathar Temple

Narasimhavarman-II

685-705 AD

Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu)

Airavatesvara Temple

Rajaraja I

12th century

Darasuram (Tamil Nadu)

Brihadeshwara Temple

Rajaraja Chola I

1010 AD

Tanjore (Tamil Nadu)

Gangaikondacholapuram

Rajendra I

12th century

Gangaikonda cholapuram (Tamil Nadu)

Saint George Fort

East India Company

1644 AD

Chennai (Tamil Nadu)

Meenakshi Temple

–

–

Madurai, Tamil Nadu

Adhai Din Ka Jhopra

Qutubuddin Aibak

1192 AD

Ajmer (Rajasthan)

Dargah Ajmer Sharif

Sultan Shyasuddin

–

Hawa Mahal

Maharaja Pratap Singh

1799 AD

Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Nahargarh Fort

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II

1734 AD

Jaigarh Fort

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II

1726 AD

Vijaya Stambha

Maharana Kumbha

1448 AD

Chittorgarh (Rajasthan)

Dilwara Jain Temple

Vimal Shah

1582 AD

Mount Abu (Rajasthan)

Bharatpur Fort

Raja Surajmal Singh

19th century

Bharatpur (Rajasthan)

Amber Fort

Man Singh I

1592 AD

Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Jantar Mantar

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II

1724-1736 AD

Mehrangarh Fort

Rao Jodha

1460 AD

Jodhpur (Rajasthan)

Jantar Mantar

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II

1724-1737 AD

Ujjain (MP)

Khajuraho Temples

Chandelas

950-1050 AD

MP

Char Minar

Quli Qutub Shah

1591 AD

Hyderabad (Telangana)

Macca Masjid

Quli Qutub Shah

1694 AD

Golconda Fort

Qutub Shahi rulers

16th century

Shri Venkateswara Temple

–

–

Andhra Pradesh

Ajanta Caves

Gupta rulers

4-10th century

Aurangabad (Maharashtra)

Bibi Ka Maqbara

Aurangzeb

1661 AD

Ellora Caves

Rashtrakuta rulers

6-10th century

Maharashtra

Elephanta Caves

Rashtrakuta rulers

5-9 century

Mumbai (Maharashtra)

Gateway of India

British Govt.

20th century

Vikramasila Monastery

Dharma Pala

8th century

Bihar

Nalanda University

Kumargupta I

–

Shershah’s Tomb

Shershah’s son

1545 AD

Sasaram (Bihar)

Purana Qila

Shershah Suri

16th century

Delhi

Safdar Jung Tomb

Shuja-ud-Daula

1754 AD

Qutub Minar

Qutubuddin Aibak

1193 AD

Alai Darwaza

Alauddin Khiliji

1311 AD

Hauz Khas

Alauddin Khilji

–

Ferozshah Kotla

Ferozshan Tughlaq

–

Khirki Masjid

Ghyasuddin Tughlaq

1354 AD

Humayun’s Tomb

Empress Bega Begum

1533 AD

Jama Masjid

Shahjahan

1656 AD

Red Fort

Shahjahan

1639 AD

Moti Masjid

Aurangzeb

1660 AD

Delhi Fort, Delhi

Jantar Mantar

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II

1724-1735 AD

New Delhi

India Gate

Edwin Lutyens (Architect)

–

Lal Bagh

Hyder Ali

1760 AD

Bengaluru (Karnataka)

Gol Gumbaz (largest dome in India)

Muhammad Adil Shah

1656 AD

Bijapur, Karnataka

Hampi Monuments

–

–

Karnataka

Swarna Mandir (Golden Temple)

Guru Ram Das with the fifth, Guru Arjan

1577 AD

Amritsar (Punjab)

Shantiniketan

Rabindra Nath Tagore

19th century

West Bengal

Victoria Memorial

British Govt.

1921 AD

Kolkata (West Bengal)

Sun Temple

Narsimhadeva I

1250 AD

Konark (Odisha)

Jagannath Temple

Anantvarman Ganga

1161 AD

Puri (Odisha)

Shalimar Garden

Jahangir

1619 AD

Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir)

 

Sabarmati Ashram

Mahatma Gandhi

Gujarat

Ahmadabad

Ajanta- Ellora Caves

Gupta rulers

Maharashtra

Aurangabad

Ajmer Sharif Dargah

Sultan Shyasuddin

Rajasthan

Ajmer

Jodhpur Fort

Rao Jodha

Jodhpur

Belur Math

Swami Vivekananda

West Bengal

Kolkata

Victoria Memorial

British Govt.

Kolkata

 

State

Monument

Place

Built by

Bihar

 

Golghar

Patna

British Govt.

Pathar Ki Masjid

Patna

Pervez Shah

Sher Shah’s Tomb

Sasaram

Mir Muhammad Aliwal Khan

Vishnupad Temple

Gaya

Rani Ahilyabai

 

Delhi

 

Feroz Shah Kotla

Delhi

Ferozshan Tughlaq

Hauz Khas

Delhi

Alauddin Khilji

Humayun Tomb

Delhi

Empress Bega Begum

Jama Masjid

Delhi

Shahjahan

Jantar-Mantar

Delhi

Sawai Jai Singh

Lakshmi Narayan Temple

Delhi

Birla Family

Moti Masjid

Delhi

Aurangzeb

President House

Delhi

British Govt.

Qutub Minar

Delhi

Qutubuddin Aibak

Red Fort

Delhi

Shahjahan

Safdarjung Tomb

Delhi

Shuja-ud-daula

Gujarat

Sabarmati Ashram

Ahmadabad

Mahatma Gandhi
 

Nishat Garden

Srinagar

Asaf Ali

Shalimar Garden

Srinagar

Jahangir

Karnataka

Gol Gumbaz

Bijapur

Yaqut of Dabul

 

Maharashtra

 

Ajanta- Ellora Caves

Aurangabad

Gupta rulers

Bibi Ka Maqbara

Aurangabad

Aurangzeb

Elephanta Cave

Mumbai

Rashtrakuta rulers

Gateway Of India

Mumbai

British Govt.

Kanheri Fort

Mumbai

Buddhists

 

Odisha

Jagannath Temple

Puri

Anantavarman Ganga

Sun Temple

Konark

Narasimhadeva I

Punjab

Golden Temple

Amritsar

Guru Ramdas
 

Bharatpur Fort

Bharatpur

Raja Surajmal Singh

Dilwara Jain Temple

Mount Abu

Siddharaja

Hawa Mahal

Jaipur

Maharaja Pratap Singh

Jaigarh Fort

Jaipur

Sawai Jai Singh

Jodhpur Fort

Jodhpur

Rao Jodha

Nahargarh Fort

Jaipur

Sawai Jai Singh

Vijaya Stambha

Chittorgarh

Maharana Kumbha

Tamil Nadu

Saint George Fort

Chennai

East India Company

 

Telangana

 

Char- Minar

Hyderabad

Quli Qutub Shah

Makka Masjid

Hyderabad

Quli Qutub Shah

 

UP

 

Agra Fort

Agra

Akbar

Anand Bhawan

Allahabad

Motilal Nehru

Deewan-E- Khas

Agra Fort

Shahjahan

Fatehpur Sikri

Agra

Akbar

Moti Masjid

Agra

Shahjahan

Shish Mahal

Agra

Shahjahan

Taj Mahal

Agra

Shahjahan

 

 

West Bengal

 

Shantiniketan

West Bengal

Rabindranath Tagore

Victoria Memorial

Kolkata

British Govt.

 

The important monuments of India are designed and nurtured by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). To conclude, UP has the highest number of monuments (741), whereas Manipur has the lowest (1).

Important Monuments in Assam & North-East India states

Assam

55

Tripura

8

Mizoram

8

Meghalaya

8

Arunachal Pradesh

5

Nagaland

4

Sikkim

3

Manipur

1
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Burmese Invasion of Assam – (Assam of History) Late Ahom Period

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Burmese Invasion of Assam (Late Ahom Period) : Assam History Study Materials & Notes

Assam History APSC Exam Notes

Assam History - Assam Exam

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Burmese Invasion of Assam – Late Ahom Period History

The Burmese invasion in Assam is a significant event in Assam’s history. There were three Burmese invasions of Assam between 1817 and 1826, during which time the Kingdom of Assam came under the control of Burma from 1821 to 1825.

Main Causes of Burmese Invasion of Assam

During the 18th century, the Burmese kings started their territorial expansion on a large-scale. The Burmese king Alaungpaya invaded Manipur and Cachar,which were close to the border of Burma.

The Burmese king Bodawpaya also followed the policy of territorial expansion and steadily expanded his realm westward. The Burmese wanted to use Assam as their central military base against the Britishers. In 1784, Bodawpaya attacked and annexed the kingdom of Arakan thus extending the Burmese empire in the entire Bay of Bengal region from Margui Island to Chattagram port.

 

Frequent internal revolts and conspiracies weakened the power of the Ahom kingdom and its rulers. The Burmese King Bodawpaya offered to help Badan Chandra Borphukan in a battle at Ghiladhari 1817 to defeat Purnanada Burhagohain’s forces and defeated them. Purnananda died of grief on losing the battle. The Burmese army again defeated the Ahoms at Kathalbari and occupied Jorhat. This has strengthened Burmese hold on Assam.

The Burmese became a major political power of the North-east region. The Burmese came into direct contact with Assam. The boundary line of Burma came in a closer proximity to that of the British power, leading to several clashes in the later years.

Major consequences of Burmese Invasion of Assam
  • Downfall of Ahom empire: The path of the downfall of six hundred years old Ahom rule was set with the Burmese invasion. 
  • Ahom king became a protected king of Burma: Since the Burmese came to help the Ahom king Chandrakanta Singha,remained under the tutelage of the King of Burma. 
  • Political upheavals: The invasion of Assam by the Burmese brought about political and administrative instability in Assam. The weakening of the monarchy led King Chandrakanta Singha to flee to British territory in Bengal. A later king Purandhar Singha also had to follow suit. Thus internal conflicts weakened the military,and the high nobles and officials failed to protect the country. 
  • Affected economy and social balance: The Burmese occupied Assam had adverse effects on the economy as production declined and traders were compelled to wind up their business. Many Assamese customs, ways and beliefs affected their contact with the foreigners. The Burmese invasion created a group of nobles called Duwaniyas, who started exploiting the masses. This created a lot of social upheavals forcing people to run away from their villages into the hills and valleys. All these affected Assamese society considerably.
  • Led to the first Anglo-Burmese war: The occupation of Assam by the Burmese forces posed a threat to the British power. The Burmese had already conquered Arakan,Manipur,Cachar and the conquest of Assam made them a major political power that challenged British supremacy. British efforts to stop the Burmese from advancing further led to the first Anglo-Burmese War of 1824-1826. 
  • Treaty of Yandaboo: The Anglo-Burmese wars ended with the signing of the famous treaty of Yandaboo,whereby the Burmese were asked to vacate Assam. The treaty allowed the British to occupy Assam.
  • End of Ahom independence: The occupation of Assam by the Burmese in 1819 marked the end of Ahom independence. Initially, it was occupied by the Burmese and later by the British.

The Burmese invasion of 1819 is a turning point in the history of Assam.

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Important Inscriptions of Kamarupa/Historical Assam region: Assam History Study Materials & Notes

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Important Inscriptions of Kamarupa/Historical Assam region: Assam History Study Materials & Notes

Assam History - Assam Exam

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Important Inscriptions of Kamarupa region of Ancient and Medieval Assam

The Kamarupa inscriptions are a number of 5th-century to early 13th-century rock, copper plate and clay seal inscriptions associated with the rulers and their subordinates of the Kamarupa region.

  • Most common language of these inscriptions is Sanskrit. But there appear systematic Prakriticisms that indicate an underlying colloquial Indo-Aryan language, called Kamarupi Prakrit.
  • The earliest of these inscriptions, the Umachal and Nagajari-Khanikargaon rock inscriptions, belong to the 5th century and written in a script which was nearly identical to the eastern variety of the Gupta script.
  • There is a steady evolution in the script over the centuries, and last of the scripts, for example the Kanai-boroxiboa inscription using Kamarupi, a proto-Assamese script. The script  continues development as the Medieval Assamese script from the 13th to the 19th century and emerges as the modern Assamese script.

 

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  Name Kind Ruler Date Present location
1 Umachal Rock Surendravarman 5th century Nilachal Hills, Guwahati
2 Nagajari-Khanikargaon Rock – 5th century Khanikargaon, Golaghat
3 Barganga Rock Bhutivarman 6th century Barganga river, Nagaon
4 Dubi Copper plate Bhaskarvarman 7th century Dubi village, Kamrup
5 Nidhanpur Copper plate Bhaskarvarman 7th century Nidhanpur village, Sylhet, Bangladesh
6 Nalanda Clay seals Bhaskarvarman 7th century Nalanda, site-1, monastery 1
7 Sankara Narayana Image Sri Jivara 8th century Deopani, Golaghat
8 Hari-Hara Image Diglekhavarman 8th century Deopani, Golaghat
9 Tezpur Rock Harjaravarman 830 CE Tezpur
10 Hayunthal Copper plate Harjaravarman 9th century Hayunthal, Karbi Hills
11 Deopani Vishnu Image – 9th century Deopani, Golaghat
12 Tezpur Copper plate Vanamalavarmadeva 9th century Tezpur
13a Parbatiya Copper plate Vanamalavarmadeva 9th century Parbatiya village, Tezpur
13b Kaliabor Copper plate Vanamalavarmadeva 9th century Dighali village, Nagaon
14 Uttarbarbil Copper plate Balavarman III 9th century Uttarbarbil village, Karbi Hills
15 Ulubari Copper plate Balavarman III 9th century Ulubari village, Darrang
16 Nagaon Copper plate Balavarman III 9th century Sutargaon village, Nagaon
17 Bargaon Copper plate Ratnapala 1035 Naharhabi village, Tezpur
18 Suwalkuci Copper plate Ratnapala 1036 Suwalkuci village, Kamrup
19 Coratbari Copper plate Ratnapala 11th century Coratbari village, Nagaon
20 Gauhati Copper plate Indrapala 1058 Barpanara village, Kamrup
21 Guwakuci Copper plate Indrapala 1071 Guwakuci village, Nalbari
22 Gachtal Copper plate Gopalavarman 1080 Gachtal village, Nagaon
23 Subhankarapataka Copper plate Dharmapala 12th century (not known)
24 Pushpabhadra Copper plate Dharmapala 12th century Pushpabhadra river bed, North Guwahati
25 Khonamukh Copper plate Dharmapala 12th century Khonamukh village, Nagaon
26 Kamauli Copper plate Vaidyadeva 1142 Kamauli, Uttar Pradesh
27 Assam Copper plate Vallabhadeva 1185 Tezpur
28 Kanai-Boroxiboa Rock (not known) 1206 North Guwahati
29 Ambari Stone Samudrapala 12th-13th centuries Guwahati
30 Gachtal Pillar (not known) 12th-13th centuries Gachtal, Nagaon
31 Surya Image (not known) 9th century Kaki, Nagaon
32 Gauhati Copper bell Srikumara 8th century Guwahati

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APSC Mains 2020 History (Paper I) Question paper

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APSC Mains 2020 History (Paper I) Question paper

Section – A
Q1. Identify the following places marked on the map supplied to you and write a short note of about 50 words on the historical importance of each of them. Locational hints for each of the places marked on the map are given below seriatim :                                                                                                               50
(A) Capital of the Dimasa kingdom
(B) A place of Satras and tribal culture
(C) Capital of the Ahom kingdom
(D) Easternmost important limit of Mughal incursion
(E) Popularly known as ‘Gupta Kashi’
(F) A place of ancient temple ruins and mythology
(G) Site of a famous battle with the Mughals
(H) A place of pilgrimage and religious syncretism
(I) Archaeological site with Hindu, Jain and Buddhist remains
(J) Last capital of an important kingdom
 
Q2. (a) Examine the importance of numismatics in the reconstruction of the history of early India with special reference to Gupta Coins. 20
(b) Examine the importance of Arthashastra in understanding Mauryan polity. 15
(c) Discuss the significance of painted grey ware’ culture to understand the cultural mosaic of North India in the first millennium BC. 15
 
Q3. (a) Analyze the archaeological evidence regarding the extent of megalithic cultures in Eastern and Northeastern India. 20
(b) Explain the social implications of Buddha’s teachings in the context of the social structure of North India in the 6th and 5th C BC. 15
(c) Critically examine the hypothesis that there was a subcontinental urban decay during C 300-600 CE. 15
 
Q4. (a) Examine the relationship between the land grant system and emergence of feudalism under the Guptas and Vakatakas. 20
(b) The period C 300-600 CE is often described as the ‘classical age of Sanskrit literature. Examine the development of Sanskrit literature during this period. 15
(c) Trace the development of temple architecture in early medieval South India. 15

Section – B
Q5. (a) Explain the salient features of the State under the Delhi Sultanate with reference to Fakhr-i-Mudabbir and Ziya Barani’s texts. 10
(b) Examine the impact of West Asian and Central Asian traditions in the development of administrative structures and institutions in the early. period of the Sultanate rule in Northern India. 15
(c) What light does Kitab-ul-Hind throw on Indian society? 15
(d) What were the significant changes introduced by Mahmud Gawan in the Bahmani kingdom? 10
 
Q6. (a) Discuss the various aspects of price-control measures of Alauddin Khalji. 15
(b) Analyze the administrative reforms undertaken during the reign of Pratap Singha (1603-41 CE). 15
(c) Critically analyze the different categories of cultivators in the medieval period. 20
 
Q7. (a) Examine the socio-economic roots of popular monotheistic movements represented by Kabir and Nanak. 20
(b) Examine the contexts and the impact of the revolts by the Jats, Satnamis and the Sikhs at the time of Aurangzeb. 15
(c) “The ‘Jagirdari crisis’ had both an administrative and a social basis.” Explain the statement in the context of the decline of the Mughals. 15
 
Q8. (a) Discuss the social context of the emergence of women Bhakts (saints) in medieval Indian society during the Bhakti Movement. 20
(b Discuss the Mughal school of painting. 15
(c) Examine the impact of the role of the foreign trading companies in the Mughal period. 15
 

Indian National Congress Sessions before Independence (Modern History of India) – APSC Notes

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Indian National Congress (INC) Sessions before Independence

Indian History Notes for APSC, UPSC & other Exams

 

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Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji and Dinshaw Edulji Wacha. Indian National Congress was founded on 28 December 1885.

Year

Location

President

Importance

1885

Bombay

W C Bonnerjee

1st session attended by 72 delegates

1886

Calcutta

Dadabhai Naoroji

National Congress and National Conference

1887

Madras

Syed Badruddin Tyabji

  

1888

Allahabad

George Yule

First English president

1889

Bombay

Sir William Wedderburn

–

1890

Calcutta

Feroz Shah Mehta

–

1891

Nagpur

P. Ananda Charlu

–

1892

Allahabad

W C Bonnerjee

–

1893

Lahore

Dadabhai Naoroji

–

1894

Madras

Alfred Webb

–

1895

Poona

Surendranath Banerjee

–

1896

Calcutta

Rahimtullah M. Sayani

National song ‘Vande Mataram’ sung for the first time

1897

Amravati

C. Sankaran Nair

–

1898

Madras

Ananda Mohan Bose

–

1899

Lucknow

Romesh Chandra Dutt

–

1900

Lahore

N G Chandavarkar

–

1901

Calcutta

Dinshaw E. Wacha

–

1902

Ahmedabad

Surendranath Banerjee

–

1903

Madras

Lal Mohan Ghosh

–

1904

Bombay

Sir Henry Cotton

–

1905

Benares

Gopal Krishna Gokhale

  

1906

Calcutta

Dadabhai Naoroji

The word ‘Swaraj’ was mentioned for the first time

1907

Surat

Rash Behari Ghosh

Party splits into extremists and moderates

1908

Madras

Rash Behari Ghosh

  

1909

Lahore

Madan Mohan Malaviya

Indian Councils Act, 1909

1910

Allahabad

Sir William Wedderburn

–

1911

Calcutta

Bishan Narayan Dhar

‘Jana Gana Mana’ sung for the first time

1912

Bankipore (Patna)

Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar

–

1913

Karachi

Syed Mohammed

–

1914

Madras

Bhupendra Nath Basu

–

1915

Bombay

Satyendra Prasanna Sinha

–

1916

Lucknow

Ambica Charan Mazumdar

Lucknow Pact – joint session with the Muslim League

1917

Calcutta

Annie Besant

First woman president of the INC

1918

Bombay And Delhi

Syed Hasan Imam (Bombay) And Madan Mohan Malaviya (Delhi)

Two sessions were held. First in Bombay in August/September Second in Delhi in December

1919

Amritsar

Motilal Nehru

 

1920

Nagpur

C Vijayaraghavachariar

–
APSC Prelims 2020 Test Series

1921

Ahmedabad

Hakim Ajmal Khan (acting President For C R Das)

–

1922

Gaya

C R Das

–

1923

Kakinada

Maulana Mohammad Ali,

–

1924

Belgaum

M K Gandhi

–

1925

Kanpur

Sarojini Naidu

First Indian woman president

1926

Guwahati

S Srinivasa Iyengar

–

1927

Madras

M A Ansari

–

1928

Calcutta

Motilal Nehru

All India Youth Congress formed

1929

Lahore

Jawaharlal Nehru

Resolution for ‘Poorna Swaraj.’ Civil Disobedience movement for complete independence to be launched, 26 January to be observed as ‘Independence Day’.

1930

No Session

–

–

1931

Karachi

Vallabhbhai Patel

Resolution on fundamental rights and national economic progress. Gandhi-Irwin pact endorsed. Gandhi nominated to represent INC in the second round table conference

1932

Delhi

Amrit Ranchhorddas Seth

–

1933

Calcutta

Malaviya Was Elected But Mrs Nellie Sengupta Presided

–

1934

Bombay

Rajendra Prasad

–

1936

Lucknow

Jawaharlal Nehru

–

1936

Faizpur

Jawaharlal Nehru

First rural session/first session to be held in a village

1938

Haripura

Subhas Chandra Bose

National Planning Committee set up under Nehru

1939

Tripuri

Subhas Chandra Bose

Bose was elected but had to resign since Gandhi supported Pattabhi Sitaramayya. Rajendra Prasad was appointed

1940

Ramgarh

Abul Kalam Azad

–

1946

Meerut

Acharya Kripalani

Last session before independence

 

Peasant Revolt of Rangia 1893-94 (Assam History) – APSC Exam Notes

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Peasant Revolt of Rangia 1893-94 (Assam & North-East India History) – APSC, UPSC and State Exams Notes

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Peasant Revolt of Rangia 1893-94 – Modern History of Assam

  • The people of Rangia, in the district of Kamrup following the footsteps of the Phulguri peasants very soon lodged their protests, organizing Raij Mels. The cause of their protest was a hundred percent increase in the land revenue.
  • In 1892, Sir William Ward, the Chief Commissioner of Assam, augmented the rates of revenue on land in the new settlement to 70 to 80% and sometime even 100%. Despite the decreasing production rate of crops, there was no respite from the proposed rate of assessment on land. Even going ahead, Colonial apparatus forcibly realized taxes from the impoverished peasantry.
  • Seeing such deplorable and awkward position of the people, the Keyas intensified their exploitation scale. The People also fell in their trap. The people, when finally understood the motives of the Keyas, started to ventilate their grievances not only against the government but also against them which found expression with the looting of the Rangia bazaar by a crowd of 200 to 250 people, mostly of Kacharis, on 24 December, 1893.
  • In the evening of 24 December, when the Peasants returning from Belagaon mel near Rangia, they gutted down the huts at the Rangia bazaar and threatened a Keya shopkeeper that his shop would be looted on 30 December as their presence had increased the revenue burden on land.
  • On 30 December, 1893, there was a massive gathering at Rangia where about 2500 to 3000 people participated. This massive gathering held demonstration all the night and threatened destruction of the Thana, post-office and the tahsildar ‘s bungalow.

  • Threatening of destruction of thana, post-office and the tahsildar ‘s bungalow was taken seriously by the government and armed-police was summoned to stop it but failed completely.
  • On 6th January, 1893, R.B. McCabe, the Deputy Commissioner of Kamrup arrived at Rangia with a Police Party under Padmaram Kachari, the daroga and arrested some persons alleged to have been implicated in the incident of 24 December, 1893. The arrests, however, did not prevent the people from further attacks. On 10 to 17 Jan, 1894, a large crowd of about three thousand gathered at near Rangia Thana. Castes and tribes coming from far-flung villages like Koch, Kalita, Saloi, Kaivarta, Namasudra, Nath, Napit, Sonari, Baishya, Bania, Bodo-Kacharis and Muslims assembled at Kadamtal Pandarthan and took decision and began to march towards Rangia. The tribal farmers along-with their counterparts in other communities took part in it. They, with cries of ‘we won’t pay at the increased rate’ started coming closer to Rangia Thana.
  • They were asked by the Deputy Commissioner to disperse but they refused his order and even dared to release forcibly of their comrades – Praneswar Goswami (Kon), Abhay Choudhury, Kirti Lahkar, Joltiram Kalita, Muktaram Bayan Kalita, Rahmat Khalipha, Parashuram Baro who were detained and locked-up at the time of submitting memorandum to Deputy Commissioner for decrease of the rate of revenue
  • Disobedience of order compelled Me Cabe to open fire on the gatherings which forced them to retreat. In response to the violent outbursts, the Colonial government effected a reign of terror.
  • Finally, notices were issued for the maintenance of peace and hannony and the leaders of the affected areas were appointed as special constables. All licensed guns in Rangia, Barama, Nalbari and Bajali tahsils were seized.
  • McCabe imposed a ban on holding any Mel All the important leaders of the revolt were soon arrested by the police and the revolt lost its edge.

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Differences between Nagara vs Dravidian Style Temple Architecture (Art & Culture of India) – APSC Exam Notes

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Differences between Nagara vs Dravidian Style Temple Architecture – Art & Culture Notes for APSC, UPSC & State Exams

 

Major differences between Nagara vs Dravidian Style Temple Architecture

Nagara Style of Temple Architecture

Dravidian Style of Temple Architecture

Temples located in Northern India are classified as Nagara Style.

Temples located in Southern India are classified as Dravidian Style 

Nagara Style has multiple Shikharas

The dravidian style has 1 single Shikhara.

In Nagara Style, there are multiple towers

In Dravidian Style, it is always a single tower.

In Nagara Style, Central Tower is Curvilinear in shape

In Dravidian Style, Central Tower is shaped like a Pyramid

In Nagara style, the most prominent element is the Shikhara

In Dravidian Style, the most prominent element is the Gopuram.

In Nagara Style, at the entrance of Sanctum Sanctorum; Ganga and Yamuna rivers are depicted in personified form

In Dravidian Style, the entrance has Dwarapalas.

In Nagara style, there is not much importance given to the temple boundaries

In this style, temple boundaries are given high importance

In Nagara style, pedestals are higher than the ground.

Pedestals are at ground level in the Dravidian Style.

In Nagara Style, deities are inside

In Dravidian Style, deities are outside.

                                                                                      

Mathura, Sarnath and Gandhara Schools (Ancient History of India) – APSC Exam Notes

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Mathura, Sarnath and Gandhara Schools – APSC, UPSC and state Exam Notes

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The first century CE onwards, Gandhara, Mathura in northern India and Vengi in Andhra Pradesh emerged as important centres of art production. Buddha in the symbolic form got a human form in Mathura and Gandhara. The sculptural tradition in Gandhara had the confluence of Bactria, Parthia and the local Gandhara tradition. 

The local sculptural tradition at Mathura became so strong that the tradition spread to other parts of northern India. The best example in this regard is the stupa sculptures found at Sanghol in the Punjab. The Buddha image at Mathura is modelled on the lines of earlier Yaksha images whereas in Gandhara it has Hellenistic features. Images of Vaishnava and Shaiva faiths are also found at Mathura but Buddhist images are found in large numbers. It may be noted that the images of Vishnu and Shiva are represented by their ayudhas/weapons. There is boldness in carving the large images, the volume of the images is projected out of the picture plane, the faces are round and smiling, heaviness in the sculptural volume is reduced to relaxed flesh. The garments of the body are clearly visible and they cover the left shoulder.

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Images of the Buddha, Yakshas, Yakshinis, Shaivite and Vaishnavite deities and portrait statues are profusely sculpted. In the second century CE, images in Mathura get sensual, rotundity increases, they become fleshier. In the third century CE, treatment of sculptural volume changes by reducing the extreme fleshiness, movement in the posture is shown by increasing distance between the two legs as well as by using bents in the body posture. Softness in the surface continues to get refined. The trend continues in the fourth century CE but in the late fourth century CE, the massiveness and fleshiness is reduced further and the flesh becomes more tightened, the volume of the drapery also gets reduced and in the fifth and sixth centuries CE, the drapery is integrated into the sculptural mass. Transparent quality in the robes of the Buddha images is evident. In this period, two important schools of sculptures in northern India are worth noting. The traditional centre, Mathura, remained the main art production site whereas Sarnath and Kosambi also emerged as important centres of art production. 

Many Buddha images in Sarnath have plain transparent drapery covering both shoulders, and the halo around the head has very little ornamentation whereas the Mathura Buddha images continue to depict folds of the drapery in the Buddha images and the halo around the head is profusely decorated.

List of Indus Valley sites in India (Ancient History of India) – APSC Exam Notes

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List of Indus Valley Civilization sites in India – APSC, UPSC and state Exam Notes

 

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List of Indus Valley Civilization sites in India

Alamgirpur in Meerut District of Uttar Pradesh, India

Babar Kot, Saurashtra – A stone fortification wall, plant remains of millets & gram.

Balu, Haryana – Earliest evidence of garlic. Several plant remains were found here include various types of barley, wheat, rice, horse gram, green gram, various types of a pea, sesamum, melon, watermelon, grapes, dates, garlic, etc. which is comparable to a nearby IVC site Kunal, Haryana revealed remains of rice.

Banawali, Fatehabad District of Haryana – Barley, terracotta figure of plough

Baror, Sri Ganganagar district of Rajasthan- Human skeleton, ornaments, 5 meter long and 3 meter clay oven, a pitcher filled with 8000 pearls

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Bet Dwarka in Dwarka district, Gujarat- Late Harappan seal, inscribed jar, the mould of coppersmith, a copper fishhook

Bhirrana, Fatehabad District of Haryana – Graffiti of a dancing girl on pottery, which resembles a dancing girl statue found at Mohenjo-Daro

Daimabad, Ahmadnagar District of Maharashtra – A sculpture of a bronze chariot, 45 cm long and 16 cm wide, yoked to two oxen, driven by a man 16 cm high standing in it; and three other bronze sculptures. Southernmost IVC site

Desalpur in Nakhtrana Taluka, Kutch District of Gujarat – Massive stone fortification, Harappan pottery, three script bearing seals; one of steatite, one of copper and one of terracotta.

Dholavira, Kutch District of Gujarat – Water reservoir, Dholavira Figure of chariot tied to a pair of bullocks and driven by a nude human, Water harvesting and number of reservoirs, use of rocks for constructions

Farmana, Rohtak District of Haryana – Largest burial site of IVC, with 65 burials, found in India

Gola Dhoro, kutch district of Gujarat – Production of shell bangles, semi-precious beads, etc.

Hisar mound inside Firoz Shah Palace of Hisar District, Haryana – Unexcavated site

Juni Kuran, Kutch District of Gujarat – fortified citadel, lower town, public gathering area

Jognakhera, Kurukshetra of Haryana – Copper smelting furnaces with copper slag and pot shards

Kaj, Gir Somnath District of Gujarat – Ceramic artifacts, including bowls. Ancient port.

Kanjetar, Gir Somnath District of Gujarat – Single phase Harapppan site.

Kalibangan, Hanumangarh District of Rajasthan- Baked/burnt bangles, fire altars, Shiva Lingam, small circular pits containing large urns and accompanied by pottery, bones of camel

Karanpura near Bhadra city, Hanumangarh district            of Rajasthan – Western mound called citadel           Skeleton of child, terracotta like pottery, bangles, seals similar to other Harappan sites

Khirasara, Kutch district of Gujarat – Ware House, Industrial area, gold, copper, semi-precious stone, shell objects, and weight hoards

Kerala-no-dhoro or Padri in Saurashtra, Gujarat – Salt production centre, by evaporating sea water

Kunal, Fatehabad District      in Haryana      India – Earliest Pre-Harappan site, Copper smelting.

Kuntasi in Rajkot District of Gujarat – Small port

Loteshwar in  Patan District of Gujarat – Ancient archaeological site

Lothal, Ahmedabad District of Gujarat – Bead making factory, dockyard, button seal, fire altars, painted jar, earliest cultivation of rice (1800 BC)

Manda in Jammu & Kashmir            India- northernmost Harappan site in Himalayan foothills

Malwan in Surat District, Gujarat – Southernmost Harappan site in India

Mandi, Muzaffarnagar district of Uttar Pradesh

Mitathal of Bhiwani District in Haryana

Pabumath in Kutch District in Gujarat – A large building complex, unicorn seal, shell bangles, beads, copper bangles, needles, antimony rods, steatite micro beads; pottery include large and medium size jars, beaker, dishes, dish-on-stand, perforated jars etc.; fine red pottery with black painted designs etc.

Rakhigarhi in Hisar District of Haryana – Terrecotta wheels, toys, figurines, pottery. Large site, partially excavated.

Rangpur in Ahmedabad District of Gujarat – Seaport

Sanauli in Baghpat District, Uttar Pradesh – Burial site with 125 burials found

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Shikarpur, Gujarat – Food habit details of Harappans

Surkotada in Kutch District of Gujarat – only site where Bones of a horse were found

Kotada, Kutch District of Gujarat – Fortification bastion few houses foundations

Nageshwar, Kutch District of Gujarat – Shell working site

Foreign travelers who visited India in Medieval Period (Medieval History of India) – APSC Exam Notes

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Foreign travelers who visited India in Medieval Period – APSC, UPSC and state Exam Notes

 

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The Indian Sub-continent is one of the earliest civilisations and thus attracted many travellers and scholars since ancient times.

1.Al-Biruni

  • Country: Iran
  • Period of Travel:  1017 AD
  • He travelled to the Indian subcontinent and authored a study of Indian culture Tārīkh al-Hind (History of India) after exploring the Hindu faith practiced in India.
  • Under Reign : Sultan of Muhammad of Ghazni

2. Marco Polo

  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel:  1288-1292 AD
  • Under Reign : Pandya Kingdom

3. Ibn-e-Batuta

  • Countr: Morocco
  • Period of Travel:  1333-1342 AD
  • Under Reign : Mohammad Bin Tughlaq

4. Nicoloi Conti

  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1420-1422 AD
  • Under Reign : Dev Ray I (Vijay Nagar)

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  1. Abdur Razzak-Ambassador
  • Country: Iran
  • Period of Travel: 1442-1443 AD
  • Under Reign : Dev Ray II (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Athnasius Niketin
  • Country: Russia
  • Period of Travel: 1470-1474 AD
  • Under Reign : Mohammad III Bahmani
  • Alberuni’s Description of India
  1. Bartholomu Diaz
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1503-1508 AD
  • Under Reign : Deccan
  1. Eduardo Barbosa
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1516-1518 AD
  • Under Reign : Krishna Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Domingo’s Paes
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1520-1522 AD
  • Under Reign : Krishna Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Nuniz
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1535-1537 AD
  • Under Reign : Achyut Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Anthony Monserrate
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1578-1582 AD
  • Under Reign : Akbar
  1. Ralph Fisch
  • Country: Britain. He was the First English traveller
  • Period of Travel: 1585-1591 AD
  • Under Reign : Akbar
  1. Ceaser Fredriseh
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 16th Century
  • Under Reign : Vijay Nagar
  1. John Linscoten
  • Country: Dutch
  • Period of Travel: 16th Century
  • Under Reign : Vijay Nagar
  1. Lama Taranath
  • Country: Tibet
  • Period of Travel: 16th Century
  • Under Reign : Eastern India
  1. Captain Hawkins
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1613 AD
  • Under Reign :  Jahangir
  1. William Fisch
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1612 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. John Jurdan
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1617 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Nicholos Doughton (English Navy Officer)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1615 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Nicholos Withurgton (English traveller)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1612-1616 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Thomas Coryat (English traveller)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1612-1617 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Sir Thomas Roe (English Ambassador)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1615-1619 AD
  • Under Reign: Jahangir
  1. Pal Canning (English traveller)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1615-1625
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Edward Terry (English Priest)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1616-1619 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Francisco Paelsert (Dutch)
  • Country: Dutch
  • Period of Travel: 1620-1627 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Pietra Della Velle
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1622-1660 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. John Loyatt (Dutch)
  • Country: Dutch
  • Period of Travel: 1626-1633 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan
  1. John Fryer
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1627-1681 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan

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  1. Peter Mundy
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1630-1634 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan
  1. Tavernier (French Jeweller)
  • Country: France
  • Period of Travel: 1641-1687 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan & Aurangzeb
  1. Manucci
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1656-1687 AD
  • Under Reign : Aurangzeb
  1. Bernier
  • Country: France
  • Period of Travel: 1658-1668 AD
  • Under Reign : Aurangzeb
  1. Jean Thevnot
  • Country: France
  • Period of Travel: 1666-1668 AD
  • Under Reign : Aurangzeb