APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 – Essay Topics for week 7 (17 – 23 June, 2019)

APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 - Essay Topics for Week 7 (17 - 23 June, 2019)

APSC CC Mains 2018 Essay Writing Contest

Essays are very important for APSC Mains Exam’s General English Paper (300 Marks), as it contributes 100 Marks (2 essays of 50 marks each), so practicing as many essays will improve your essays writing skills. First two essay topics of APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 is given below. All APSC aspirants and readers can participate in the contest. Write essay in about 400 to 500 words on any one or both the topic. The BEST ESSAY on each topics will be selected and published on our website with the name of the author.

Essay Topics for Week 7 (17 – 23 June, 2019)
         1.    India’s cultural influence on Southeast Asia
         2.   Potential of tourism development in North-East India

 

Rules & Guidelines of Essay submission
  1. The essay should be sent in the word format (.doc, or .docx) with 14 font size. It should carry author’s name and e-mail ID. Any other format of submission will not be accepted.
  2. At the end of the essay, it should contain a declaration saying that “Its my original content and is not copied from anywhere”.
  3. If any essay is found to be copied, it will be summarily rejected.
  4. Adhikary Education (Assamexam.com) reserves the copyright of the essays; however in case of copyright infringement (copied matter) Adhikary Education is not liable for it.
  5. Adhikary Education reserves the right to edit the essay for clarity of language, grammar, spelling, punctuation and space.
  6. It’s advised to go through the essay carefully before sending it once and finally.
  7. The Essay must be between 400 to 500 words. As APSC asks Essay of 50 Marks of same word limit.
  8. The last date for sending essay for any week is within 1 week from topics publish date. Essay received after due date will not be considered for Contest, but may be published on Assamexam.com, if found suitable.
  9. Please send (via email) your entries to [email protected].
  10. Also send a photograph and a small biography if you wish it to be published in our website.

 

Prizes for Winners!!

Best Prize – You will score good marks in APSC Mains Essays. Not enough motivation!!

Best essay on each topics of every week will be ranked and the winner will get anyone (his own choice) of our bestselling eBooks for FREE.

  1. Assam 2019 Yearbook
  2. Environment and Ecology
  3. Geography of Assam
  4. ASSAM HISTORY-Ancient Period & ASSAM HISTORY- Ahom and English Period
  5. History of Britain

Hang on!! Not only this, Top 3 essays on each topics will be published on Assamexam.com along with the name of the authors, photograph and a small biography. We will make sure your essays are read by thousands of aspirants/viewers and get benefited with your insights on particular topics.

Also, name of Top 3 essay authors on each topics will be published in our next post on Facebook/Twitter. Other entries may also be published on Assamexam.com, in found suitable.

 

APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 (Weekly) – Home Page

APSC mains 2018 test series GS & Optional Paper

APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 – Essay Topics for week 6 (10 – 16 June, 2019)

APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 - Essay Topics for Week 6 (10 - 16 June, 2019)

APSC CC Mains 2018 Essay Writing Contest

Essays are very important for APSC Mains Exam’s General English Paper (300 Marks), as it contributes 100 Marks (2 essays of 50 marks each), so practicing as many essays will improve your essays writing skills. First two essay topics of APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 is given below. All APSC aspirants and readers can participate in the contest. Write essay in about 400 to 500 words on any one or both the topic. The BEST ESSAY on each topics will be selected and published on our website with the name of the author.

Essay Topics for Week 6 (10 – 16 June, 2019)
         1.    India’s advancement in space technology
         2.   Private investment in Assam – Issues & Prospects

 

Rules & Guidelines of Essay submission
  1. The essay should be sent in the word format (.doc, or .docx) with 14 font size. It should carry author’s name and e-mail ID. Any other format of submission will not be accepted.
  2. At the end of the essay, it should contain a declaration saying that “Its my original content and is not copied from anywhere”.
  3. If any essay is found to be copied, it will be summarily rejected.
  4. Adhikary Education (Assamexam.com) reserves the copyright of the essays; however in case of copyright infringement (copied matter) Adhikary Education is not liable for it.
  5. Adhikary Education reserves the right to edit the essay for clarity of language, grammar, spelling, punctuation and space.
  6. It’s advised to go through the essay carefully before sending it once and finally.
  7. The Essay must be between 400 to 500 words. As APSC asks Essay of 50 Marks of same word limit.
  8. The last date for sending essay for any week is within 1 week from topics publish date. Essay received after due date will not be considered for Contest, but may be published on Assamexam.com, if found suitable.
  9. Please send (via email) your entries to [email protected].
  10. Also send a photograph and a small biography if you wish it to be published in our website.

 

Prizes for Winners!!

Best Prize – You will score good marks in APSC Mains Essays. Not enough motivation!!

Best essay on each topics of every week will be ranked and the winner will get anyone (his own choice) of our bestselling eBooks for FREE.

  1. Assam 2019 Yearbook
  2. Environment and Ecology
  3. Geography of Assam
  4. ASSAM HISTORY-Ancient Period & ASSAM HISTORY- Ahom and English Period
  5. History of Britain

Hang on!! Not only this, Top 3 essays on each topics will be published on Assamexam.com along with the name of the authors, photograph and a small biography. We will make sure your essays are read by thousands of aspirants/viewers and get benefited with your insights on particular topics.

Also, name of Top 3 essay authors on each topics will be published in our next post on Facebook/Twitter. Other entries may also be published on Assamexam.com, in found suitable.

 

APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 (Weekly) – Home Page

APSC mains 2018 test series GS & Optional Paper

Vanishing Greenery in Assam and its impact (by Khasib Ahmed) – APSC Mains Essay

Vanishing Greenery in Assam and its impact – APSC Mains Essay

(Essay submitted in APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 – Essay Topics for week 4)

 

Vanishing Greenery in Assam and its impact By Khasib Ahmed – Download PDF

 

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AFSPA Act is a needed legislation or a misused power (by Surajeet) – APSC Mains Essay

AFSPA Act is a needed legislation or a misused power – APSC Mains Essay

(Essay submitted in APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 – Essay Topics for week 5)

AFSPA Act is a needed legislation or a misused power By Surajeet

Introduction– AFSPA was introduced to give the armed forces the power to maintain public order in disturbed areas. Under the act, the forces have the power to prohibit a gathering of five or more persons in an area.

Further the forces have the power to open fire after giving a due warning, if it felt that a person is not obeying the law. The Army can also arrest a person without a warrant, if reasonable suspicion exists.

The powers to carry out a search without warrant and ban possession of firearms are also some of the provisions under the act.
The act was passed by both houses of Parliament and approved by the President of India on September 11, 1958. Under Section 3 of the act. Under this section, the Centre or Governor of a State can declare the entire state or part of it as a disturbed area.

Misuse of power? – AFSPA has been implemented in many states and revoked in the due course of time from many states till date. There have been a number of instances of misuse of the power provided by virtue of the Act.  According to the Extra Judicial Execution Victim Families Association (EEVFAM) – the petitioner in the present Supreme Court case – and human rights activists, such a huge number of killings took place in Manipur due to the shield provided by the AFSPA. Noted activist Irom Sharmila led long Gandhian battle against AFSPA .  The three civilians of Baramulla (J&K) were shot by Indian army at Machil sector in Kupwara district of J&K on 30th April, 2010 and were framed as ‘foreign militants’. However, later with the protest and inquiry, it was established that these persons were civilians and were called by the army to provide them jobs of porters and later were killed in a staged encounter. On 29th May 2009 in Shopian (J&K), two women named Aasia and Neelofar went missing from their orchard on their way back to home. Their dead bodies were found the next day. The people alleged that it was a case of murder and rape by security forces that were camped nearby.

The J.S. Verma committee while looking into legal reforms related to violence against women called for a review of the AFSPA. The committee noted that “impunity for systematic or isolated sexual violence in the process of internal security duties is being legitimised by the AFSPA” and “women in conflict areas are entitled to all the security and dignity that is afforded to citizens in any other part of our country”. While implementation, the Central government had taken into consideration many of the Verma committee suggestions and adopted the recommendations subsequently in an Anti-Rape bill. But, sadly, it left out the suggestions related to AFSPA. As per the criticisms to AFSPA, we know that there is a need to take some steps towards the prevention of misuse of the Act so that the purpose behind the enactment of the Act is not defeated. Reviewing the Act and making modifications to it is the need of the hour to stop atrocities against women, perpetually happening in the areas where AFSPA prevails.

In my opinion AFSPA should remain in all disturbed areas provided there must be a strong supervision in delivery of these powers by army.

[ 550 Words ]

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Can Environment Protection and Economic Development go together? (by Bandeep Rabha) – APSC Mains Essay

Can Environment Protection and Economic Development go together? – APSC Mains Essay

(Essay submitted in APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 – Essay Topics for week 3)

 

Can Environment Protection and Economic Development go together?

By Bandeep Rabha

 

Introduction:

Man has always maintained a cordial relationship with the nature from the ancient times. The Indian culture has always revered trees as a symbol of divinity. Infact, Lord Krishna identified himself as Ashwatha, or the peepal tree. By the beginning of 19th century the developed countries began exploiting natural resources in excuse of economic development and this resulted in rapid degradation of the environment. At present the developing countries like China and India are also contributing hugely to environmental degradation.

Environment and Economic Development:

The natural environment plays a very important role in our economy, as a direct input into production and through many other services. For the rapid development of the country, projects like power plants, mines etc. needs to be implemented which are the core inputs for all other industries. Natural resources such as minerals and fossil fuels acts as raw material inputs to them. Other services of environment which enable economic activity are sequestering carbon, filtering air and water pollution, protecting against flood risk and soil formation. It is also vital for our wellbeing providing us with recreational opportunities, improving our health and much more.

Economic growth, in turn, is important for the prosperity and wellbeing of the economy and its citizens – in both advanced economies and in developing nations. For developing countries like China and India where substantial chunk of population could hardly meet its daily need, economic development is only pill which could pull these people from the quagmire of poverty. It is also important factor for improvements in health, education and overall quality of life.

Effects of Economic Development on Environment:

While economic development has many benefits – raising standards of living and improving quality of life across the world – it has also resulted in the depletion of natural resources and the degradation of ecosystems. There has been much debate over whether or not it is possible to achieve economic growth without unsustainably degrading the environment and a growing realisation that economic growth rate at the current rate of depletion and degradation of environmental assets cannot continue indefinitely.

The ruthless development increased the percentage of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere which led to the rise in the long term mean temperature of the earth often called as global warming.  The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.

The global warming has increased the frequency of extreme weathers conditions like droughts, floods, cyclones etc. which would ultimately affect the crop production in almost all countries.  Since agriculture sustains the life of the poorer sections of the society, changing weather pattern is putting their existence as well as food security at stake.

Way Forward:

The only option left for the humans is to tread on the path of sustainable development which improves life of a person without adversely affecting the environment surrounding him. As once Mahatma Gandhi has said, “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need but not enough for any man’s greed”, sustainable development also calls for the development in perpetuity which is not possible if the environment is ignored.

[ 510 Words ]

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APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 – Essay Topics for week 5 (03-09 June, 2019)

APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 - Essay Topics for Week 5 (03-09 June, 2019)

APSC CC Mains 2018 Essay Writing Contest

Essays are very important for APSC Mains Exam’s General English Paper (300 Marks), as it contributes 100 Marks (2 essays of 50 marks each), so practicing as many essays will improve your essays writing skills. First two essay topics of APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 is given below. All APSC aspirants and readers can participate in the contest. Write essay in about 400 to 500 words on any one or both the topic. The BEST ESSAY on each topics will be selected and published on our website with the name of the author.

Essay Topics for Week 5 (03-09 June, 2019)
         1.   Public healthcare system in India
         2.   AFSPA Act is a needed legislation or a misused power

 

Rules & Guidelines of Essay submission
  1. The essay should be sent in the word format (.doc, or .docx) with 14 font size. It should carry author’s name and e-mail ID. Any other format of submission will not be accepted.
  2. At the end of the essay, it should contain a declaration saying that “Its my original content and is not copied from anywhere”.
  3. If any essay is found to be copied, it will be summarily rejected.
  4. Adhikary Education (Assamexam.com) reserves the copyright of the essays; however in case of copyright infringement (copied matter) Adhikary Education is not liable for it.
  5. Adhikary Education reserves the right to edit the essay for clarity of language, grammar, spelling, punctuation and space.
  6. It’s advised to go through the essay carefully before sending it once and finally.
  7. The Essay must be between 400 to 500 words. As APSC asks Essay of 50 Marks of same word limit.
  8. The last date for sending essay for any week is within 1 week from topics publish date. Essay received after due date will not be considered for Contest, but may be published on Assamexam.com, if found suitable.
  9. Please send (via email) your entries to [email protected].
  10. Also send a photograph and a small biography if you wish it to be published in our website.

 

Prizes for Winners!!

Best Prize – You will score good marks in APSC Mains Essays. Not enough motivation!!

Best essay on each topics of every week will be ranked and the winner will get anyone (his own choice) of our bestselling eBooks for FREE.

  1. Assam 2019 Yearbook
  2. Environment and Ecology
  3. Geography of Assam
  4. ASSAM HISTORY-Ancient Period & ASSAM HISTORY- Ahom and English Period
  5. History of Britain

Hang on!! Not only this, Top 3 essays on each topics will be published on Assamexam.com along with the name of the authors, photograph and a small biography. We will make sure your essays are read by thousands of aspirants/viewers and get benefited with your insights on particular topics.

Also, name of Top 3 essay authors on each topics will be published in our next post on Facebook/Twitter. Other entries may also be published on Assamexam.com, in found suitable.

 

APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 (Weekly) – Home Page

APSC mains 2018 test series GS & Optional Paper

Can India reap the benefits of its Demographic Dividend? (by Parashar Talukdar) – APSC Mains Essay

Can India reap the benefit of its demographic dividend – APSC Mains Essay

(Essay submitted in APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 – Essay Topics for week 2)

 

Can India reap the benefit of its demographic dividend?

By Parashar Talukdar

 

Meaning– Demographic Dividend means rise in the economic growth rate due to rising share of working age population. It is said to be occurring when the working age population is high and the dependency ratio of children and elderly population is low. In the deveped countries, like China, US and Japan, where this average age of working class is increasing, India is getting youthful day by day.

Pattern in India– Reports say that about 30% of the country’s population are in the age group 0-14 years. The elderly people (60 or more years) population is low (8%). The working age group (15-55 years) population is about 62%. In 2036, India can boast of highest working population of 65%. However, this pattern is not same in all the states. The states in the north is found to be more youthful than the states of South and West.

Benefits of India’s Democratic Dividend- According to United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the window of democratic dividend opportunity in India is available for 5 decades, from 2005-2006 to 2055-56. This is the most precious aspect of  India. So this is a high time for us to engage our youths to productive works. Besides , the youths joining Defence forces can make India strong. Even with all the drawbacks we have, this particular Indian aspect is going to prove in making India the world leader in the the comming years.

Planning a required to reap the benefits- With the rise of young population, there is a rise in unemployment parallely. As the Agriculture and the Services sector are already saturated with work force, very few opportunities are available there. The vast proportion of educated unemployed should be shifted to the manufacture sector.

The youth should get skill development training. Already the incumbent Government has launched Skill- India campaign. Under this campaign various schemes like Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikash Yojana, DeenDayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana, Financial Assistance for Skill Training of PwD etc.

Through the Make in India campaign, our PM has welcome foreign investors to invest in India. It is not expensive for them because they can easily find cheap labour force. In Assam, Advantage Assam campaign fulfill he similar purpose. With schemes like Start up India, Stand up India, scope has been provided to young entrepreneurs. In order to finance them, MUDRA Bank was established.

The Demographic Dividend is also the backbone of our Defence mechanism. In the comming years, India need to channelise more and more youths to the defence services.

Way Ahead – India still need some effective planning to realise it’s Demographic Dividend. The focus in the states where the window of Demographic Dividend is closing soon should be to adopt.

[ 450 Words ]

 

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Can India reap the benefits of its Demographic Dividend? (by Bandeep Rabha) – APSC Mains Essay

Can India reap the benefit of its demographic dividend – APSC Mains Essay

(Essay submitted in APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 – Essay Topics for week 2)

 

Can India reap the benefit of its demographic dividend?

By Bandeep Rabha

 

Demographic dividend is the phenomenon of accelerated economic growth which can occur when there is a high percentage of working age population relative to the non-working age population. A high percentage of young people engaged in work can fetch a high growth of economy of a country as well as increase its per capita income. But the working age people need to be equipping with required skills.

The developed countries had already witnessed their demographic dividend in the past and now the countries from Latin America and Asia are reaping benefits of the demographic dividend.

India is undergoing a major demographic transition with more than 60 percentage of its youth in the working age group at present and is soon going to attain peak demographic dividend. By 2020, the median age in India will be 28 compared to 37 in China. While China has already exploited its demographic dividend, India is yet to exploit.

As observed by United Nations People Fund (UNFPA) window of opportunity of demographic dividend is highest for India which is 50 years from 2005-06 to 2055-56. And the window is available at different time for different states because states population policy differed. This longer span of demographic dividend window will be a booster for economic growth of India.

Seeing at the statistics of India’s population pyramid shift, one can tell that India will have a presence of stable labour force. There will be more investment on human and physical infrastructure than on children and schools. Young women workforce would increase. The increase working people means more savings in an economy and bulging of the middle class society. These all will lead to higher consumption and the rate of GDP of India will increase.

But demographic dividend can also transform into curse if India cannot create enough jobs to absorb the working age population. De-industrialization, de-globalization, the fourth industrial revolution and technological progress could affect the job scenario to great extent. India’s human capital base is very low and in future it might not be able to reap benefits of the demographic dividend. A large number of youth in India are illiterate, unskilled and there are social and gender discrimination which hinders in human capital formation.

The question is whether India can reap the benefits of the demographic dividend. The female labour force participation in India has fallen to 26% in 2018 from 36.7% in 2005, says a Deloitte report. Given that female makes about half of India’s population, their extremely low participation make a negative effect to the growth of country’s economy. World Bank 2017 report observed that only 2.3 percentage of the total workforce has formal skill training. Given that the working age population grows by an estimated 23 million a year, only 42-43% joins the labour force.

Demographic dividend is time bounded and India’s policy maker should promote human capital formation by providing high quality education, reduce poverty, and achieve gender equality. Skill development and job creation needs to be prime priority if India wants to reap the demographic dividend benefits.

[ 500 Words ]

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APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 – Essay Topics for week 4 (27 May – 2 June, 2019)

APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 - Essay Topics for Week 4 (27 May- 2 June, 2019)

APSC CC Mains 2018 Essay Writing Contest

Essays are very important for APSC Mains Exam’s General English Paper (300 Marks), as it contributes 100 Marks (2 essays of 50 marks each), so practicing as many essays will improve your essays writing skills. First two essay topics of APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 is given below. All APSC aspirants and readers can participate in the contest. Write essay in about 400 to 500 words on any one or both the topic. The BEST ESSAY on each topics will be selected and published on our website with the name of the author.

Essay Topics for Week 4 (27 May- 2 June, 2019)
         1.   Job less growth in India
         2.   Vanishing Greenery in Assam and its impact

 

Rules & Guidelines of Essay submission
  1. The essay should be sent in the word format (.doc, or .docx) with 14 font size. It should carry author’s name and e-mail ID. Any other format of submission will not be accepted.
  2. At the end of the essay, it should contain a declaration saying that “Its my original content and is not copied from anywhere”.
  3. If any essay is found to be copied, it will be summarily rejected.
  4. Adhikary Education (Assamexam.com) reserves the copyright of the essays; however in case of copyright infringement (copied matter) Adhikary Education is not liable for it.
  5. Adhikary Education reserves the right to edit the essay for clarity of language, grammar, spelling, punctuation and space.
  6. It’s advised to go through the essay carefully before sending it once and finally.
  7. The Essay must be between 400 to 500 words. As APSC asks Essay of 50 Marks of same word limit.
  8. The last date for sending essay for any week is within 1 week from topics publish date. Essay received after due date will not be considered for Contest, but may be published on Assamexam.com, if found suitable.
  9. Please send (via email) your entries to [email protected].
  10. Also send a photograph and a small biography if you wish it to be published in our website.

 

Prizes for Winners!!

Best Prize – You will score good marks in APSC Mains Essays. Not enough motivation!!

Best essay on each topics of every week will be ranked and the winner will get anyone (his own choice) of our bestselling eBooks for FREE.

  1. Assam 2019 Yearbook
  2. Environment and Ecology
  3. Geography of Assam
  4. ASSAM HISTORY-Ancient Period & ASSAM HISTORY- Ahom and English Period
  5. History of Britain

Hang on!! Not only this, Top 3 essays on each topics will be published on Assamexam.com along with the name of the authors, photograph and a small biography. We will make sure your essays are read by thousands of aspirants/viewers and get benefited with your insights on particular topics.

Also, name of Top 3 essay authors on each topics will be published in our next post on Facebook/Twitter. Other entries may also be published on Assamexam.com, in found suitable.

 

APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 (Weekly) – Home Page

APSC mains 2018 test series GS & Optional Paper

Agriculture development in Assam & NE states (by Bhaskar Das) – APSC Mains Essay

Agriculture development in Assam & NE states – APSC Mains Essay

(Essay submitted in APSC Mains Essay Writing Contest 2019 – Essay Topics for week 2)

 

Agriculture development in Assam & NE states

By Bhaskar Das

 

Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy of the people of Assam and NE states. About 63 percent of the Assam’s working force are engaged in agriculture and allied activities. Rice is the main food crop in NE agriculture as it is the main diet. Other food crops cultivated in the region include jute, wheat, maize, mustard, soyabean, sugarcane, banana, tobacco etc. Although agriculture is the prime importance of the region, it has remained largely undeveloped despite rich natural resources, biodiversity and high rainfall.

Major Problem of Agricultural development in Assam & NE region

  1. Natural calamities: Floods and dry spells are the principal natural disasters faced by farmers in Assam every year. The principal source of floods is the Brahmaputra river and its tributaries.
  2. Commercial capital i.e. loans from banks or other credit agencies, is not generally accessible to farmers in Assam & NE states. As a result borrowing from unscrupulous lenders at high interest rate make sometimes borrowers lose their livelihood, their cultivate land.
  3. Marketing problem: Geographical isolation, weak transport and communication systems, poor marketing facilities, lack of information on price and place to sell are some of the principal market related problems.
  4. Low level of irrigation facilities, land slide, soil erosion etc
  5. Non-economic factor: Lack of education and skilled labour, ignorance about change of economic condition & new technology, out-dated thinking, disturbed law & order situation ,etc

Measures to be taken for Agriculture development in NE states .

  1. High value crops such as pachauli, passion fruit, aromatic and medicinal plants have good potential in both domestic and international markets. These should be widely practiced.
  2. Combination of food crops with livestock, fishery, piggery, forestry, sericulture, horticulture are some of the necessary measures.
  3. The low chemical-inputs use in the NE region should be converted to an opportunity by promoting the ‘organic products’ for which demand is fast rising in the national and international markets.
  4. Appropriate strategy to strengthen the public-private partnership (PPP) to attract foreign direct investment. Special economic zones (SEZs) may be established in the region to capture the economic advantage.
  5. Strategy should be evolved to promote community–based collaterals for the effective credit delivery.
  6. Rain water harvesting, entrepreneurship development, investment in Research and Development, Roads and Connectivity, infrastructure are some of the measures may be taken for agriculture development.

The NE region has vast potential to catch up with rest of the country due to its fertile soil and natural resources. Government has taken some initiatives to flourish this region like ‘Act East Policy’, ’creation of separate DoNER Ministry’ etc. But Policy implementation is the key for the Agricultural development in Assam and the entire NE region.

[ 440 Words ]

 

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APSC mains 2018 test series GS & Optional Paper