Differences between Nagara vs Dravidian Style Temple Architecture (Art & Culture of India) – APSC Exam Notes

Differences between Nagara vs Dravidian Style Temple Architecture – Art & Culture Notes for APSC, UPSC & State Exams

 

Major differences between Nagara vs Dravidian Style Temple Architecture

Nagara Style of Temple Architecture

Dravidian Style of Temple Architecture

Temples located in Northern India are classified as Nagara Style.

Temples located in Southern India are classified as Dravidian Style 

Nagara Style has multiple Shikharas

The dravidian style has 1 single Shikhara.

In Nagara Style, there are multiple towers

In Dravidian Style, it is always a single tower.

In Nagara Style, Central Tower is Curvilinear in shape

In Dravidian Style, Central Tower is shaped like a Pyramid

In Nagara style, the most prominent element is the Shikhara

In Dravidian Style, the most prominent element is the Gopuram.

In Nagara Style, at the entrance of Sanctum Sanctorum; Ganga and Yamuna rivers are depicted in personified form

In Dravidian Style, the entrance has Dwarapalas.

In Nagara style, there is not much importance given to the temple boundaries

In this style, temple boundaries are given high importance

In Nagara style, pedestals are higher than the ground.

Pedestals are at ground level in the Dravidian Style.

In Nagara Style, deities are inside

In Dravidian Style, deities are outside.

                                                                                      

Mathura, Sarnath and Gandhara Schools (Ancient History of India) – APSC Exam Notes

Mathura, Sarnath and Gandhara Schools – APSC, UPSC and state Exam Notes

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The first century CE onwards, Gandhara, Mathura in northern India and Vengi in Andhra Pradesh emerged as important centres of art production. Buddha in the symbolic form got a human form in Mathura and Gandhara. The sculptural tradition in Gandhara had the confluence of Bactria, Parthia and the local Gandhara tradition. 

The local sculptural tradition at Mathura became so strong that the tradition spread to other parts of northern India. The best example in this regard is the stupa sculptures found at Sanghol in the Punjab. The Buddha image at Mathura is modelled on the lines of earlier Yaksha images whereas in Gandhara it has Hellenistic features. Images of Vaishnava and Shaiva faiths are also found at Mathura but Buddhist images are found in large numbers. It may be noted that the images of Vishnu and Shiva are represented by their ayudhas/weapons. There is boldness in carving the large images, the volume of the images is projected out of the picture plane, the faces are round and smiling, heaviness in the sculptural volume is reduced to relaxed flesh. The garments of the body are clearly visible and they cover the left shoulder.

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Images of the Buddha, Yakshas, Yakshinis, Shaivite and Vaishnavite deities and portrait statues are profusely sculpted. In the second century CE, images in Mathura get sensual, rotundity increases, they become fleshier. In the third century CE, treatment of sculptural volume changes by reducing the extreme fleshiness, movement in the posture is shown by increasing distance between the two legs as well as by using bents in the body posture. Softness in the surface continues to get refined. The trend continues in the fourth century CE but in the late fourth century CE, the massiveness and fleshiness is reduced further and the flesh becomes more tightened, the volume of the drapery also gets reduced and in the fifth and sixth centuries CE, the drapery is integrated into the sculptural mass. Transparent quality in the robes of the Buddha images is evident. In this period, two important schools of sculptures in northern India are worth noting. The traditional centre, Mathura, remained the main art production site whereas Sarnath and Kosambi also emerged as important centres of art production. 

Many Buddha images in Sarnath have plain transparent drapery covering both shoulders, and the halo around the head has very little ornamentation whereas the Mathura Buddha images continue to depict folds of the drapery in the Buddha images and the halo around the head is profusely decorated.

List of Indus Valley sites in India (Ancient History of India) – APSC Exam Notes

List of Indus Valley Civilization sites in India – APSC, UPSC and state Exam Notes

 

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List of Indus Valley Civilization sites in India

Alamgirpur in Meerut District of Uttar Pradesh, India

Babar Kot, Saurashtra – A stone fortification wall, plant remains of millets & gram.

Balu, Haryana – Earliest evidence of garlic. Several plant remains were found here include various types of barley, wheat, rice, horse gram, green gram, various types of a pea, sesamum, melon, watermelon, grapes, dates, garlic, etc. which is comparable to a nearby IVC site Kunal, Haryana revealed remains of rice.

Banawali, Fatehabad District of Haryana – Barley, terracotta figure of plough

Baror, Sri Ganganagar district of Rajasthan- Human skeleton, ornaments, 5 meter long and 3 meter clay oven, a pitcher filled with 8000 pearls

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Bet Dwarka in Dwarka district, Gujarat- Late Harappan seal, inscribed jar, the mould of coppersmith, a copper fishhook

Bhirrana, Fatehabad District of Haryana – Graffiti of a dancing girl on pottery, which resembles a dancing girl statue found at Mohenjo-Daro

Daimabad, Ahmadnagar District of Maharashtra – A sculpture of a bronze chariot, 45 cm long and 16 cm wide, yoked to two oxen, driven by a man 16 cm high standing in it; and three other bronze sculptures. Southernmost IVC site

Desalpur in Nakhtrana Taluka, Kutch District of Gujarat – Massive stone fortification, Harappan pottery, three script bearing seals; one of steatite, one of copper and one of terracotta.

Dholavira, Kutch District of Gujarat – Water reservoir, Dholavira Figure of chariot tied to a pair of bullocks and driven by a nude human, Water harvesting and number of reservoirs, use of rocks for constructions

Farmana, Rohtak District of Haryana – Largest burial site of IVC, with 65 burials, found in India

Gola Dhoro, kutch district of Gujarat – Production of shell bangles, semi-precious beads, etc.

Hisar mound inside Firoz Shah Palace of Hisar District, Haryana – Unexcavated site

Juni Kuran, Kutch District of Gujarat – fortified citadel, lower town, public gathering area

Jognakhera, Kurukshetra of Haryana – Copper smelting furnaces with copper slag and pot shards

Kaj, Gir Somnath District of Gujarat – Ceramic artifacts, including bowls. Ancient port.

Kanjetar, Gir Somnath District of Gujarat – Single phase Harapppan site.

Kalibangan, Hanumangarh District of Rajasthan- Baked/burnt bangles, fire altars, Shiva Lingam, small circular pits containing large urns and accompanied by pottery, bones of camel

Karanpura near Bhadra city, Hanumangarh district            of Rajasthan – Western mound called citadel           Skeleton of child, terracotta like pottery, bangles, seals similar to other Harappan sites

Khirasara, Kutch district of Gujarat – Ware House, Industrial area, gold, copper, semi-precious stone, shell objects, and weight hoards

Kerala-no-dhoro or Padri in Saurashtra, Gujarat – Salt production centre, by evaporating sea water

Kunal, Fatehabad District      in Haryana      India – Earliest Pre-Harappan site, Copper smelting.

Kuntasi in Rajkot District of Gujarat – Small port

Loteshwar in  Patan District of Gujarat – Ancient archaeological site

Lothal, Ahmedabad District of Gujarat – Bead making factory, dockyard, button seal, fire altars, painted jar, earliest cultivation of rice (1800 BC)

Manda in Jammu & Kashmir            India- northernmost Harappan site in Himalayan foothills

Malwan in Surat District, Gujarat – Southernmost Harappan site in India

Mandi, Muzaffarnagar district of Uttar Pradesh

Mitathal of Bhiwani District in Haryana

Pabumath in Kutch District in Gujarat – A large building complex, unicorn seal, shell bangles, beads, copper bangles, needles, antimony rods, steatite micro beads; pottery include large and medium size jars, beaker, dishes, dish-on-stand, perforated jars etc.; fine red pottery with black painted designs etc.

Rakhigarhi in Hisar District of Haryana – Terrecotta wheels, toys, figurines, pottery. Large site, partially excavated.

Rangpur in Ahmedabad District of Gujarat – Seaport

Sanauli in Baghpat District, Uttar Pradesh – Burial site with 125 burials found

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Shikarpur, Gujarat – Food habit details of Harappans

Surkotada in Kutch District of Gujarat – only site where Bones of a horse were found

Kotada, Kutch District of Gujarat – Fortification bastion few houses foundations

Nageshwar, Kutch District of Gujarat – Shell working site

Foreign travelers who visited India in Medieval Period (Medieval History of India) – APSC Exam Notes

Foreign travelers who visited India in Medieval Period – APSC, UPSC and state Exam Notes

 

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The Indian Sub-continent is one of the earliest civilisations and thus attracted many travellers and scholars since ancient times.

1.Al-Biruni

  • Country: Iran
  • Period of Travel:  1017 AD
  • He travelled to the Indian subcontinent and authored a study of Indian culture Tārīkh al-Hind (History of India) after exploring the Hindu faith practiced in India.
  • Under Reign : Sultan of Muhammad of Ghazni

2. Marco Polo

  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel:  1288-1292 AD
  • Under Reign : Pandya Kingdom

3. Ibn-e-Batuta

  • Countr: Morocco
  • Period of Travel:  1333-1342 AD
  • Under Reign : Mohammad Bin Tughlaq

4. Nicoloi Conti

  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1420-1422 AD
  • Under Reign : Dev Ray I (Vijay Nagar)

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  1. Abdur Razzak-Ambassador
  • Country: Iran
  • Period of Travel: 1442-1443 AD
  • Under Reign : Dev Ray II (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Athnasius Niketin
  • Country: Russia
  • Period of Travel: 1470-1474 AD
  • Under Reign : Mohammad III Bahmani
  • Alberuni’s Description of India
  1. Bartholomu Diaz
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1503-1508 AD
  • Under Reign : Deccan
  1. Eduardo Barbosa
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1516-1518 AD
  • Under Reign : Krishna Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Domingo’s Paes
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1520-1522 AD
  • Under Reign : Krishna Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Nuniz
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1535-1537 AD
  • Under Reign : Achyut Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)
  1. Anthony Monserrate
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1578-1582 AD
  • Under Reign : Akbar
  1. Ralph Fisch
  • Country: Britain. He was the First English traveller
  • Period of Travel: 1585-1591 AD
  • Under Reign : Akbar
  1. Ceaser Fredriseh
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 16th Century
  • Under Reign : Vijay Nagar
  1. John Linscoten
  • Country: Dutch
  • Period of Travel: 16th Century
  • Under Reign : Vijay Nagar
  1. Lama Taranath
  • Country: Tibet
  • Period of Travel: 16th Century
  • Under Reign : Eastern India
  1. Captain Hawkins
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1613 AD
  • Under Reign :  Jahangir
  1. William Fisch
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1612 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. John Jurdan
  • Country: Portugal
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1617 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Nicholos Doughton (English Navy Officer)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1608-1615 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Nicholos Withurgton (English traveller)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1612-1616 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Thomas Coryat (English traveller)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1612-1617 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Sir Thomas Roe (English Ambassador)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1615-1619 AD
  • Under Reign: Jahangir
  1. Pal Canning (English traveller)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1615-1625
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Edward Terry (English Priest)
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1616-1619 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Francisco Paelsert (Dutch)
  • Country: Dutch
  • Period of Travel: 1620-1627 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. Pietra Della Velle
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1622-1660 AD
  • Under Reign : Jahangir
  1. John Loyatt (Dutch)
  • Country: Dutch
  • Period of Travel: 1626-1633 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan
  1. John Fryer
  • Country: England
  • Period of Travel: 1627-1681 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan

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  1. Peter Mundy
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1630-1634 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan
  1. Tavernier (French Jeweller)
  • Country: France
  • Period of Travel: 1641-1687 AD
  • Under Reign : Shahjahan & Aurangzeb
  1. Manucci
  • Country: Italy
  • Period of Travel: 1656-1687 AD
  • Under Reign : Aurangzeb
  1. Bernier
  • Country: France
  • Period of Travel: 1658-1668 AD
  • Under Reign : Aurangzeb
  1. Jean Thevnot
  • Country: France
  • Period of Travel: 1666-1668 AD
  • Under Reign : Aurangzeb

APSC Mains Answer Writing (History) – Questions Set 26

APSC Mains Answer Writing Practice  – Set 26

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APSC Questions - Mains Answer Writing - Assam Exam

APSC Mains Questions (History Special) – Set 26

Write answers to these Questions, Review others’ Answer, Ask Doubts and Discuss


Q1. Give a brief account of establishment of British Rule in North East India. (250 Words)

Q2. Discuss the role of women in India’s freedom struggle. (250 Words)

Q3. Lord Dalhousie was oftern described as the founder of modern India. Explain in details. (250 Words)

Q4. Discuss how the Revolt of 1857 became a very important factor in the evolution of British policies towards colonial India. (150 Words)

 

NOTE: Learners please write the answers and review others’ answer , which will ultimately improve the answer writer, reviewer and most importantly the answer itself.

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APSC mains 2018 test series GS & Optional Paper